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Chromosoma2011; 120(3); 227-244; doi: 10.1007/s00412-010-0306-5

Chromatin configuration and epigenetic landscape at the sex chromosome bivalent during equine spermatogenesis.

Abstract: Pairing of the sex chromosomes during mammalian meiosis is characterized by the formation of a unique heterochromatin structure at the XY body. The mechanisms underlying the formation of this nuclear domain are reportedly highly conserved from marsupials to mammals. In this study, we demonstrate that in contrast to all eutherian species studied to date, partial synapsis of the heterologous sex chromosomes during pachytene stage in the horse is not associated with the formation of a typical macrochromatin domain at the XY body. While phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) and macroH2A1.2 are present as a diffuse signal over the entire macrochromatin domain in mouse pachytene spermatocytes, γH2AX, macroH2A1.2, and the cohesin subunit SMC3 are preferentially enriched at meiotic sex chromosome cores in equine spermatocytes. Moreover, although several histone modifications associated with this nuclear domain in the mouse such as H3K4me2 and ubH2A are conspicuously absent in the equine XY body, prominent RNA polymerase II foci persist at the sex chromosomes. Thus, the localization of key marker proteins and histone modifications associated with the XY body in the horse differs significantly from all other mammalian systems described. These results demonstrate that the epigenetic landscape and heterochromatinization of the equine XY body might be regulated by alternative mechanisms and that some features of XY body formation may be evolutionary divergent in the domestic horse. We propose equine spermatogenesis as a unique model system for the study of the regulatory networks leading to the epigenetic control of gene expression during XY body formation.
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Publication Date: 2011-01-28 PubMed ID: 21274552PubMed Central: PMC3100478DOI: 10.1007/s00412-010-0306-5Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article delves into the unique structural formation of the XY sex chromosome body during equine (horse) spermatogenesis—the process of sperm cell formation. The unique chromatin structure, histone modifications, and protein localizations observed differ from previously studied mammalian systems, suggesting alternative regulatory mechanisms and evolutionarily divergent characteristics.

Understanding chromatin structures and epigenetic landscapes

  • The article focuses on how sex chromosomes are paired during meiosis, a process of cell division that produces gametes or sexual reproduction cells. The emergence of a rare heterochromatin structure on the XY body—a massive nuclear domain—is a focus of this study.
  • Typically, the mechanisms steering the formation of this nuclear domain appear to be largely conserved from marsupials to mammals. Conventional belief holds that these processes are generally standardized.

Unique characteristics of equine spermatogenesis

  • In a dramatic departure from prior studies of eutherian species, this research shows how the partial synapsis (joining together) of differing sex chromosomes during the pachytene stage in horse spermatogenesis doesn’t lead to the usual macrochromatin domain on the XY body. In other words, horse sex chromosome pairing differs from the norm.
  • In horse pachytene spermatocytes, three factors—phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX), macroH2A1.2, and the cohesin subunit SMC3—show a preference for enriching at meiotic sex chromosome cores, rather than diffusing over the macrochromatin domain (as they do in mouse cells).

Significant differences from other mammals

  • The research notes the absence in equine XY bodies of certain histone modifications normally associated with this nuclear domain in mice, such as H3K4me2 (a specific modification to chromosomes’ nuclear proteins) and ubH2A.
  • However, it also noted that RNA polymerase II foci, responsible for transcribing DNA into mRNA, continue to persist at the sex chromosomes.
  • The localization, or arrangement, of crucial marker proteins and histone modifications associated with the equine XY body differ significantly from all other mammals. This implies that horses have somewhat unique systems for managing the formation and function of their sex chromosomes.

Implications of the Study

  • This research suggests that certain features of XY body formation may be evolutionary divergent in the domestic horse. It also suggests that the epigenetic landscape and heterochromatinization of the equine XY body might be regulated by alternative mechanisms from those observed in other mammals.
  • The uniqueness of equine spermatogenesis, as demonstrated, presents an opportunity for researchers to gain insight into how different species have evolved distinct regulatory networks to control gene expression during XY body formation. Thus, this study proposes the equine spermatogenesis process as an excellent model system for further investigation.

Cite This Article

APA
Baumann C, Daly CM, McDonnell SM, Viveiros MM, De La Fuente R. (2011). Chromatin configuration and epigenetic landscape at the sex chromosome bivalent during equine spermatogenesis. Chromosoma, 120(3), 227-244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00412-010-0306-5

Publication

Chromosoma
ISSN: 1432-0886
NlmUniqueID: 2985138R
Country: Austria
Language: English
Volume: 120
Issue: 3
Pages: 227-244

Researcher Affiliations

Baumann, Claudia
  • Female Germ Cell Biology Group, Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
Daly, Christopher M
    McDonnell, Sue M
      Viveiros, Maria M
        De La Fuente, Rabindranath

          MeSH Terms

          • Animals
          • Chromatin / chemistry
          • Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone / metabolism
          • Chromosome Pairing
          • Epigenomics
          • Heterochromatin / genetics
          • Histones / genetics
          • Horses / genetics
          • Mice
          • Miosis / genetics
          • Pachytene Stage / genetics
          • Sex Chromosomes / genetics
          • Spermatogenesis / genetics

          Grant Funding

          • R01 HD042740 / NICHD NIH HHS
          • R01 HD042740-06 / NICHD NIH HHS
          • R56 HD093383 / NICHD NIH HHS
          • 2R01HDO42740 / PHS HHS

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