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Clinical effect of buprenorphine or butorphanol, in combination with detomidine and diazepam, on sedation and postoperative pain after cheek tooth extraction in horses.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to compare effects of butorphanol (BUT) or buprenorphine (BUP), in combination with detomidine and diazepam, on the sedation quality, surgical conditions, and postoperative pain control after cheek tooth extraction in horses, randomly allocated to 2 treatment groups (BUT: = 20; BUP: = 20). A bolus of detomidine (15 μg/kg, IV) was followed by either BUP (7.5 μg/kg, IV) or BUT (0.05 mg/kg, IV). After 20 min, diazepam (0.01 mg/kg, IV) was administered and sedation was maintained with a detomidine IV infusion (20 μg/kg/h), with rate adjusted based on scores to 5 variables. All horses received a nerve block (maxillary or mandibular), and gingival infiltration with mepivacaine. Sedation quality was assessed by the surgeon from 1 (excellent) to 10 (surgery not feasible). A pain scoring system (EQUUS-FAP) was used to assess postoperative pain. Serum cortisol concentrations and locomotor activity (pedometers) were measured. Horses in BUP and BUT required a median detomidine infusion rate of 30.2 μg/kg/h (20 to 74.4 μg/kg/h) and 32.2 μg/kg/h (20 to 48.1 μg/kg/h), respectively ( = 0.22). Horses in the BUP group had better sedation quality ( < 0.05) during surgery and higher step counts ( < 0.001) postoperatively. Buprenorphine combined with detomidine provided a more reliable sedation than butorphanol. However, the EQUUS-FAP pain scale became unreliable because of BUP-induced excitement behavior. L’objectif de cette étude était de comparer les effets du butorphanol (BUT) ou de la buprénorphine (BUP), en association avec la détomidine et le diazépam, sur la qualité de la sédation, les conditions chirurgicales et la gestion de la douleur postopératoire après extraction des dents jugales chez les chevaux, répartis au hasard dans deux groupes de traitement (BUT : = 20; BUP : = 20). Un bolus de détomidine (15 μg/kg, IV) a été suivi soit de BUP (7,5 μg/kg, IV) soit de BUT (0,05 mg/kg, IV). Après 20 min, du diazépam (0,01 mg/kg, IV) a été administré et la sédation a été maintenue avec une perfusion IV de détomidine (20 μg/kg/h), avec un taux ajusté en fonction des scores de cinq variables. Tous les chevaux ont reçu un bloc nerveux (maxillaire ou mandibulaire) et une infiltration gingivale avec de la mépivacaïne. La qualité de la sédation a été évaluée par le chirurgien de 1 (excellent) à 10 (chirurgie impossible). Un système de notation de la douleur (EQUUS-FAP) a été utilisé pour évaluer la douleur postopératoire. Les concentrations sériques de cortisol et l’activité locomotrice (podomètres) ont été mesurées.Les chevaux en BUP et BUT ont nécessité un débit médian de perfusion de détomidine de 30,2 μg/kg/h (20 à 74,4 μg/kg/h) et 32,2 μg/kg/h (20 à 48,1 μg/kg/h), respectivement ( = 0,22). Les chevaux du groupe BUP avaient une meilleure qualité de sédation ( < 0,05) pendant la chirurgie et un nombre de pas plus élevé ( < 0,001) après l’opération. La buprénorphine associée à la détomidine a fourni une sédation plus fiable que le butorphanol. Cependant, l’échelle de douleur EQUUS-FAP est devenue peu fiable en raison du comportement d’excitation induit par le BUP.(Traduit par D Serge Messier).
Publication Date: PubMed ID: 34975166
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Summary

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This research aimed to compare the effects of butorphanol and buprenorphine, in conjunction with detomidine and diazepam, on the sedation quality, surgery conditions, and postoperative pain control in horses undergoing cheek tooth extraction. The study found buprenorphine combined with detomidine provided more reliable sedation than butorphanol, although the buprenorphine group showed higher postoperative activity which made pain assessment challenging.

Research Methodology

  • The researchers randomly assigned 40 horses to two groups: 20 horses received butorphanol (BUT) and 20 received buprenorphine (BUP). Each treatment was combined with detomidine and diazepam for sedation during cheek tooth extraction.
  • All horses were initially administered a bolus of detomidine (15 μg/kg, IV), followed by either BUP (7.5 μg/kg, IV) or BUT (0.05 mg/kg, IV). After 20 minutes, diazepam (0.01 mg/kg, IV) was given and sedation was maintained with a detomidine IV infusion (20 μg/kg/h), adjusting the rate based on score responses to five variables.
  • Each horse received a nerve block (maxillary or mandibular) and gingival infiltration with mepivacaine to numb the mouth for the surgery.
  • The surgeons evaluated the sedation quality on a scale from 1 (excellent) to 10 (surgery not feasible).
  • Postoperative pain was assessed using the EQUUS-FAP pain scoring system. Additionally, serum cortisol levels and locomotor activity (measured via pedometers) were tracked.

Research Findings

  • Both the BUT and BUP groups required a similar median detomidine infusion rate, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups.
  • The buprenorphine group showed superior quality of sedation during surgery compared to the butorphanol group.
  • Interestingly, horses in the buprenorphine group recorded higher step counts post-surgery, indicating greater locomotor activity.

Conclusions and Implications

  • Overall, the combination of buprenorphine and detomidine provided more reliable sedation than the combination of butorphanol and detomidine.
  • The increased postoperative activity in the buprenorphine group, however, made pain evaluation using the EQUUS-FAP pain scale unreliable due to buprenorphine-induced excitement behavior.

The research underscores the importance of carefully selecting sedation and pain management medications in equine dental surgery. Future research should continue investigating pain assessment methodologies for cases where excitement behavior may interfere with traditional evaluation tools.

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APA
(). Clinical effect of buprenorphine or butorphanol, in combination with detomidine and diazepam, on sedation and postoperative pain after cheek tooth extraction in horses. .

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