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Clinical pharmacokinetics1992; 22(4); 254-273; doi: 10.2165/00003088-199222040-00002

Clinical pharmacokinetics in veterinary medicine.

Abstract: Veterinary and human pharmacology differ principally in the range of species in which drugs are used and studied. In animals, as in humans, an understanding of the dose-effect relationship can be obtained by linking pharmacokinetic behaviour with pharmacodynamic information. Studies of different classes of drugs support the assumption that the range of therapeutic plasma concentrations in animals is generally the same as in humans. The requirement for species differences in dosage or administration rate (dose/dosage interval) may be attributed to variations in pharmacokinetic behaviour or pharmacodynamic activity, or both. When administering a drug orally, the bioavailability from a dosage form can vary widely. This is particularly the case between ruminant animals (cattle, sheep and goats), horses and carnivorous species (dogs and cats). Species variations in bioavailability can be avoided by parenteral administration. Formulation of parenteral preparations and location of intramuscular injection site can, at least in horses and cattle, influence bioavailability. Comparative pharmacokinetic studies help to explain differences in absorption and disposition processes that may underlie species variations in response to fixed dosages of a drug. Certain marker substances are useful in quantifying the activity of metabolic pathways or efficiency of excretion processes. Prediction of preslaughter withdrawal times in food-producing animals represents an application of pharmacokinetics in the field of drug residues. The drug residue profile can be obtained by combining fixed dose pharmacokinetic studies with measurement of drug concentrations in selected tissues and organs of the body. This approach offers an economical advantage in that fewer animals are required for residue studies. In domestic animals, as in humans, the disposition of most drugs can be interpreted in terms of a 2- (generally) or 3-compartment open model. Species variations in pharmacokinetic behaviour of a drug are usually attributed to differences in the rate of elimination rather than distribution and metabolism of the drug, although the principal metabolic pathway may differ. With certain notable exceptions, the herbivorous species (horses and ruminant animals) metabolise lipid-soluble drugs more rapidly than carnivorous species (dogs and cats). Humans metabolise drugs slowly in comparison with animals. Half-life values reflect this; insufficient data are available to base interspecies comparison on mean residence time. Intrinsic hepatic clearance of phenazone (antipyrine) [microsomal oxidation] in humans is approximately one-seventh of that in domestic animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Publication Date: 1992-04-01 PubMed ID: 1606786DOI: 10.2165/00003088-199222040-00002Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article is about the differences in pharmacokinetics, the study of how drugs move through the body, in various animal species compared to humans and how these differences affect dosage and drug administration methods.

Basic Overview

  • The research article provides an in-depth study on clinical pharmacokinetics, the branch of pharmacology concerned with the movement of drugs within the body, in animals versus humans.
  • The key difference between veterinary and human pharmacology lies in the range of species where drugs are used and studied.
  • Much like in humans, determining the relationship between dosage and effect in animals can be achieved by coupling pharmacokinetics with pharmacodynamic information.

Dosing Differences in Animals vs Humans

  • The article mentions that the therapeutic plasma concentrations range in animals is generally similar to that in humans.
  • The need for variances in dosage or the rate of drug administration based on the species can be a result of the disparities in pharmacokinetic behaviour or pharmacodynamic activity, or both.

Administering Drugs Orally vs Parenterally

  • The bioavailability, or the amount and rate at which a drug is absorbed into the system, of orally administered drugs can greatly vary, especially between ruminant animals (such as cattle, sheep, and goats), horses, and carnivores (like dogs and cats).
  • By using parenteral (non-oral) administration, species variations in bioavailability can be eliminated.
  • However, the formulation of parenteral preparations or the location of the injection site, particularly in horses and cattle, can also affect bioavailability.

Comparative Pharmacokinetic Studies and Drug Residues

  • Comparative pharmacokinetic studies prove useful in providing insights into differences in absorption and disposition processes that may lead to species variations in response to fixed dosages of a drug.
  • Pharmacokinetics can be used to predict pre-slaughter withdrawal times in food-producing animals, beneficial in the field of drug residues. It offers an economic advantage, as fewer animals are needed for the residue studies.

Species Specific Metabolisation Rates

  • Species variations in pharmacokinetic behaviour of a drug are often attributed to differences in the rate of elimination rather than the distribution and metabolism of the drug, but some exceptions do exist.
  • The metabolism rate for lipid-soluble drugs in herbivores (like horses and ruminant animals) is generally faster than that in carnivores (like dogs and cats). Humans, in comparison, metabolise these drugs slowly.

The available data on mean residence time, which is the average time a molecule spends in a system, is insufficient for interspecies comparison.

Cite This Article

APA
Baggot JD. (1992). Clinical pharmacokinetics in veterinary medicine. Clin Pharmacokinet, 22(4), 254-273. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-199222040-00002

Publication

Clinical pharmacokinetics
ISSN: 0312-5963
NlmUniqueID: 7606849
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 22
Issue: 4
Pages: 254-273

Researcher Affiliations

Baggot, J D
  • Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, County Kildare.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Animals, Newborn
  • Drug Administration Routes
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Species Specificity
  • Veterinary Medicine

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