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Stem cells international2021; 2021; 8835576; doi: 10.1155/2021/8835576

Comparative Analysis of Tenogenic Gene Expression in Tenocyte-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Response to Biochemical and Biomechanical Stimuli.

Abstract: The tendon is highly prone to injury, overuse, or age-related degeneration in both humans and horses. Natural healing of injured tendon is poor, and cell-based therapeutic treatment is still a significant clinical challenge. In this study, we extensively investigated the expression of tenogenic genes in equine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and tenocyte-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (teno-iPSCs) stimulated by growth factors (TGF-3 and BMP12) combined with ectopic expression of tenogenic transcription factor MKX or cyclic uniaxial mechanical stretch. Western blotting revealed that TGF-3 and BMP12 increased the expression of transcription factors SCX and MKX in both cells, but the tenocyte marker tenomodulin (TNMD) was detected only in BMSCs and upregulated by either inducer. On the other hand, quantitative real-time PCR showed that TGF-3 increased the expression of , , , and in BMSCs and , , , , and in teno-iPSCs. BMP12 treatment elevated , , , , and in teno-iPSCs. Overexpression of MKX increased , , , and in BMSCs and , , , , and in teno-iPSCs; TGF-3 further enhanced in BMSCs. Moreover, mechanical stretch increased , , , , and in BMSCs and , , , , , , and in teno-iPSCs; TGF-3 tended to further elevate , , and in BMSCs and , , , , and in teno-iPSCs, while BMP12 further uptrended the expression of and in BMSCs and in teno-iPSCs. Additionally, the aforementioned tenogenic inducers also affected the expression of signaling regulators , , and in BMSCs and teno-iPSCs. Taken together, our data demonstrate that, in respect to the tenocyte-lineage-specific gene expression, BMSCs and teno-iPSCs respond differently to the tenogenic stimuli, which may affect the outcome of their application in tendon repair or regeneration.
Copyright © 2021 Feikun Yang and Dean W. Richardson.
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Publication Date: 2021-01-13 PubMed ID: 33510795PubMed Central: PMC7825360DOI: 10.1155/2021/8835576Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article investigates how different stem cells, specifically equine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and tenocyte-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (teno-iPSCs), respond to various biochemical and biomechanical stimuli, in order to identify their potential in aiding tendon repair and regeneration.

Introduction and Research Objective

  • The study focused on understanding the gene expression of tenogenic (relating to tendon cell development and specialization) genes in two different stem cell types: equine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and tenocyte-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (teno-iPSCs).
  • The researchers explored how these cells respond to different stimuli, specifically growth factors (TGF-3 and BMP12), the tenogenic transcription factor MKX, and mechanical strain.
  • The aim was to identify potential cellular mechanisms that could support tendon repair and regeneration, which is currently a medical challenge due to poor natural healing ability of tendons.

Research Methodology

  • Western blotting technique was used to detect protein changes in response to the stimuli. The researchers were particularly interested in the transcription factors SCX and MKX, and the tenocyte marker tenomodulin (TNMD).
  • Quantitative real-time PCR (a technique used to measure gene expression) was used to evaluate the expression of various genes associated with tendon development and healing in the two stem cell types when subjected to the stimuli.

Research Findings

  • The results showed that TGF-3 and BMP12 increased the expression of transcription factors SCX and MKX in both BMSCs and teno-iPSCs, but the expression of tenomodulin (TNMD) was only seen in BMSCs and further increased by either trigger.
  • The expression of numerous genes was affected differently in both types of stem cells when treated with the growth factors, overexpressed MKX, or subjected to mechanical stretch.
  • Both TGF-3 and BMP12 also influenced the expression of signaling regulators within the cells.

Conclusion

  • The study concludes that BMSCs and teno-iPSCs respond differently to tenogenic stimuli based on gene expression specific to tendon cells.
  • This differential response could potentially impact their usage in tendon repair or regeneration therapies, suggesting further investigation is essential in determining optimal cell type and stimuli for tendon healing.

Cite This Article

APA
Yang F, Richardson DW. (2021). Comparative Analysis of Tenogenic Gene Expression in Tenocyte-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Response to Biochemical and Biomechanical Stimuli. Stem Cells Int, 2021, 8835576. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8835576

Publication

Stem cells international
ISSN: 1687-966X
NlmUniqueID: 101535822
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 2021
Pages: 8835576
PII: 8835576

Researcher Affiliations

Yang, Feikun
  • Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square PA 19348, USA.
Richardson, Dean W
  • Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square PA 19348, USA.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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