Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
Comparative immune responses after vaccination with the formulated inactivated African horse sickness vaccine serotype 1 between naïve horses and pretreated horses with the live-attenuated African horse sickness vaccine.
Abstract: African horse sickness (AHS) is a non-contagious, high mortality, and insect-borne disease caused by a double-stranded RNA virus from the genus Orbivirus. The study aimed to develop inactivated vaccines serotype 1 inactivated AHS vaccine (IAV) and to compare the effect of IAV on antibody responses in young naïve horses and adult horses pre-immunized with live-attenuated AHS virus (AHSV) serotypes 1, 3, and 4 live-attenuated vaccine (LAV). Unassigned: A total of 27 horses were vaccinated in two trials. Twelve AHS naïve young horses and 15 adult horses were divided into three groups of 4 and 5 horses each, respectively. Horses in control Group 1 were treated with phosphate-buffered saline. Horses in Group 2 were subcutaneously vaccinated with 2 mL of formulated IAV with 10% Gel 01™ (Seppic, France) on day 0 and horses in Group 3 were subcutaneously vaccinated with 2 mL of IAV on day 0 and a booster on day 28. The IAV vaccine was prepared by isolating the AHSV serotype 1 growing on Vero cells, 10× virus titer was concentrated by ultrafiltration and chemically killed by formalin, using 10% Gel 01™ as an adjuvant. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood samples were taken for hematology, blood biochemistry, and antibody titers using an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay on 158th day post-vaccination. Unassigned: Vaccination with IAV serotype 1 in adult horses pretreated with LAV increased antibody titers more than in young naïve vaccinated horses. The total leukocyte count and %neutrophils significantly increased, while %lymphocytes and %eosinophils significantly decreased on day 1 after vaccination; no local reactions were observed at the site of injection in any group. All biochemical and electrolyte analyte values were within the normal range after vaccination. Unassigned: The formulation of IAV serotype 1 using Gel 01™ as an adjuvant is safe and induces high antibody titers. This IAV formulation induced a high antibody response in horses without causing local reactions and mild systemic effects. However, AHS naïve horses still required ≥2 vaccinations and an annual booster vaccination to achieve high antibody titers.
Copyright: © Chaiyabutr, et al.
Publication Date: 2022-10-07 PubMed ID: 36425136PubMed Central: PMC9682393DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2365-2375Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
The article focuses on the study of the efficacy and effect of a newly developed inactivated vaccine for African horse sickness, particularly how it impacts the immune response in horses with no prior exposure to the illness versus horses that have been pre-immunized with a live-attenuated vaccine.
Research Aim and Methodology
- This study set out to create a vaccine using inactivated (killed) African horse sickness virus (AHS), of the serotype 1 variety (one of the different sub-types of the virus).
- The aim was then to compare the immune responses in two categories of horses post-vaccination; one group contained young, naïve horses, with no exposure to the virus whilst the other contained adult, pre-immunized horses that had been vaccinated previously using a live-attenuated version of the virus.
- A total of 27 horses were used in this study. They were split into three groups – groups 2 and 3 were given the vaccine, with group 3 also receiving a booster dose twenty-eight days post-initial vaccination, whilst control Group 1 was treated with a saline solution instead.
Vaccine Formulation Method
- The vaccine was prepared by isolating the AHS virus, growing it in a controlled environment, concentrating its presence tenfold, and finally, killing it chemically by formalin.
- A substance called Gel 01™ was then added to the killed virus to act as an adjuvant – a helper component that enhances the horse’s response to the vaccine.
Findings of the Study
- Upon administering the vaccine, it was observed that previously pre-immunized adult horses recorded higher antibody titers or level of antibodies as compared to the naïve horses. An increase in the total leukocyte count (a type of white blood cell) and neutrophil (another white blood cell type) percentages, along with a respective decrease in lymphocyte and eosinophil (additional kinds of white blood cells) percentages, was experienced just a day after vaccination.
- It’s important to note that no local reactions were associated with the site of injection in any of the test subjects, indicating that the vaccine was well tolerated. The horses’ electrolyte and biochemical analyte concentrations also remained within normal parameters post-vaccination, suggesting that the vaccine did not disrupt or harm the horse’s biological systems.
Conclusions
- The formulated vaccine effectively induced strong antibody responses and caused no adverse reactions at the injection site. However, naïve horses recorded a lower immune response than those pre-immunized with a live-attenuated vaccine, suggesting that two vaccinations, along with an annual booster, might be necessary for these horses to achieve high antibody titers, thus enhancing its overall protection.
Cite This Article
APA
Chaiyabutr N, Wattanaphansak S, Tantilerdcharoen R, Akesowan S, Ouisuwan S, Naraporn D.
(2022).
Comparative immune responses after vaccination with the formulated inactivated African horse sickness vaccine serotype 1 between naïve horses and pretreated horses with the live-attenuated African horse sickness vaccine.
Vet World, 15(10), 2365-2375.
https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2022.2365-2375 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Research and Development, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Horse Farm and Laboratory Animal Breeding Centre, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thai Red Cross Society, Petchaburi, Thailand.
- Horse Farm and Laboratory Animal Breeding Centre, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thai Red Cross Society, Petchaburi, Thailand.
- Horse Farm and Laboratory Animal Breeding Centre, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thai Red Cross Society, Petchaburi, Thailand.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
References
This article includes 31 references
- Mellor P.S, Hamblin C. African horse sickness.. Vet. Res. 2004;35(4):445–466.
- Diouf N.D, Etter E, Lo M.M, Lo M, Akakpo A.J. Outbreaks of African horse sickness in Senegal, and methods of control of the 2007 epidemic.. Vet. Rec. 2012;172(6):152.
- Fernández P.J, White W.R. African horse sickness.. Atlas of Transboundary Animal Diseases Paris: OIE; 2010. pp. 11–18.
- Erasmus B.J. The pathogenesis of African horse sickness.. Equine Infectious Diseases 3rd ed. Vol. 3. Switzerland: Proceedings International Conference Equine Infectious, Diseases, Paris, France, Karger Publishers; 1973. pp. 1–11.
- Dennis S.J, Meyers A.E, Hitzeroth I.I, Rybicki E.P. African horse sickness:A review of current understanding and vaccine development.. Viruses 2019;11(9):844.
- Wittmann E.J, Baylis M. Climate change:Effects on culicoides-transmitted viruses and implications for the UK.. Vet. J. 2000;160(2):107–117.
- Lu G, Pan J, Ou J, Shao R, Hu X, Wang C, Li S. African horse sickness:Its emergence in Thailand and potential threat to other Asian countries.. Trans. Emerg. Dis. 2020;67(5):1751–1753.
- Gao S, Zeng Z, Wang H.N, Chen F.Y, Huang L.Y, Wang X.L. Predicting the possibility of African horse sickness (AHS) introduction into China using spatial risk analysis and habitat connectivity of Culicoides.. Sci. Rep. 2022;12:3910.
- Weyer C.T, Grewar J.D, Burger P, Rossouw E, Lourens C, Joone C, le Grange M, Coetzee P, Venter E, Martin D.P, MacLachlan N.J, Guthrie A.J. African horse sickness caused by genome reassortment and reversion to virulence of live, attenuated vaccine viruses, South Africa, 2004–2014.. Emerg. Infect Dis. 2016;22(12):2087–2096.
- Laegreid W.W. African horse sickness.. Virus Infections of Vertebrates, Virus Infections of Equines Vol. 6. Amsterdam: Elsevier Press; 1996. pp. 101–123.
- Dudourget P, Preaud J.M, Detraz F, Lacoste A.C, Erasmus B.J, Lombard M. Development, production and quality control of an industrial inactivated vaccine against African horse sickness virus Type 4.. Bluetongue, African Horse Sickness and Related Orbiviruses Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1992. pp. 874–886.
- House J.A, Lombard M, Dubourget P, House C, Mebus C.A. Further studies on the efficacy of an inactivated African horse sickness Type 4 vaccine.. Vaccine 1994;12(2):142–144.
- . Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals.. OIE 8th ed. Paris: OIE; 2018. African horse sickness; pp. 1237–1252.
- Dubourget P, Preaud J.M, Detraz N, Lacoste F, Fabry .C, Erasmus B.J, Lombard M. Development, production, and quality control of an industrial inactivated vaccine against African horse sickness virus Type 4.. Bluetongue, African Horse Sickness and Related Orbiviruses. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1992. pp. 874–886.
- House J.A, Lombard M, House C, Dubourget P, Mebus CA. Efficacy of an inactivated vaccine for African horse sickness serotype 4.. Bluetongue, African Horse Sickness and Related Orbiviruses Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1992. pp. 891–895.
- Wattanaphansak S, Singer R.S, Gebhart C.J. In vitro antimicrobial activity against 10 North American and European Lawsonia intracellularis isolates.. Vet. Microbiol. 2009;134(3–4):305–310.
- Roy P. Bluetongue virus structure and assembly.. Curr. Opin. Virol. 2017;24:115–123.
- Stevens L.M, Moffat K, Cooke L, Nomikou K, Mertens P.P.C, Jackson T, Darpel K.E. A low-passage insect-cell isolate of bluetongue virus uses a macropinocytosis-like entry pathway to infect natural target cells derived from the bovine host.. J. Gen. Virol. 2019;100(4):568–582.
- . Backgrounder:African Horse Sickness.. American Veterinary Medical Association 2006.
- Coetzer J.A, Guthrie A.J. African horse sickness.. Infectious Diseases of Livestock 2nd ed. Cape Town: Oxford University Press; 2004. pp. 1231–1246.
- Gilfoyle D. Veterinary immunology as colonial science:Method and quantification in the investigation of horse sickness in South Africa, C. 1905–1945.. J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci. 2006;61(1):26–65.
- Mshelia W.P, Abdussamad A.M, Lazarus D.D. African Horse Sickness Vaccine Failure in a Five Year Old Polo Mare:A Case Report.. Conference, Paper 2008.
- Sellon D.S. Haematopoietic and immune systems.. Equine Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction London: Harcourt Brace and Company; 1999. pp. 191–206.
- Wilson W.D, Kanara E.W, Spensley M.S, Powell D.G, Files W.S, Steckel R.R. Guidelines for vaccination of horses.. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1995;207(4):426–431.
- Van Rijn P.A, Maris-Veldhuis M.A, Grobler M, Wright I.M, Erasmus B.J, Maartens L.H, Potgieter C.A. Safety and efficacy of inactivated African horse sickness (AHS) vaccine formulated with different adjuvants.. Vaccine 2020;38(45):7108–7117.
- Ronchi G.F, Ulisse S, Rossi E, Franchi P, Armillotta G, Capista S, Peccio A, Ventura M.D, Pini A. Immunogenicity of two adjuvant formulations of an inactivated African horse sickness vaccine in guinea-pigs and target animals.. Vet. Ital. 2012;48(1):55–76.
- Lelli R, Molini U, Ronchi G.F, Rossi E, Franchi P, Ulisse S, Armillotta G, Capista S, Khaiseb S, Ventura M.D, Pini A. Inactivated and adjuvanted vaccine for the control of the African horse sickness virus serotype 9 infection:Evaluation of efficacy in horses and guinea-pig model.. Vet. Ital. 2013;49(1):89–98.
- Mathebula E.M, Faber F.E, van Wyngaardt W, van Schalkwyk A, Pretorius A, Fehrsen J. B-cell epitopes of African horse sickness virus serotype 4 recognised by immune horse sera.. Onderstepoort. J. Vet. Res. 2017;84(1):e1–e12.
- Rodríguez M, Joseph S, Pfeffer M, Raghavan R, Wernery U. Immune response of horses to inactivated African horse sickness vaccines.. BMC Vet. Res. 2020;16(1):322.
- Lefèvre P.C, Mellor P, Saegerman C.L. Bluetongue.. Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Livestock Vol. 1. Paris: Lavoisier; 2010. pp. 663–688.
- Wernery U, Joseph S, Raghavan R, Dyer B, Spendrup S. African Horse sickness fever in vaccinated horses:Short communication.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2020;88:102967.
Citations
This article has been cited 1 times.- Ayuti SR, Khairullah AR, Lamid M, Warsito SH, Arif MAA, Kim EJ, Moses IB, Shin S, Wardhani BWK, Wasito W, Khalisa AT, Ahmad RZ. Bluetongue in ruminants: Global epidemiology, pathogenesis, and advances in diagnostic and control strategies within a One Health framework. Vet World 2025 Oct;18(10):3070-3093.
Use Nutrition Calculator
Check if your horse's diet meets their nutrition requirements with our easy-to-use tool Check your horse's diet with our easy-to-use tool
Talk to a Nutritionist
Discuss your horse's feeding plan with our experts over a free phone consultation Discuss your horse's diet over a phone consultation
Submit Diet Evaluation
Get a customized feeding plan for your horse formulated by our equine nutritionists Get a custom feeding plan formulated by our nutritionists
