COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE VIRUSES OF VESICULAR STOMATITIS AND EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (1).
Abstract: We have studied certain properties, additional to those previously described (3), of the virus of vesicular stomatitis of horses, and of the characteristic biological reactions of the virus of equine encephalomyelitis. It has been found that the virus of stomatitis, ordinarily dermotropic, can acquire neurotropism and the neurotropic encephalomyelitis virus can, in turn, be rendered dermotropic in its action. The neurotropism in both instances is associated with definite, although not pronounced, viscerotropism. Both viruses can bring about a similar infection in the white mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, and rhesus or cynomolgus monkeys. Of these animals, rabbits show the lowest degree of susceptibility and mice the highest, especially after intracerebral inoculation. The mouse is the best animal for work with these viruses because of the uniform and rapidly lethal encephalitis which can be induced in it. Moreover, the mouse is highly sensitive to the instillation of the viruses in the nasal passages: 1 to 10 million dilution sufficing to induce a fatal encephalitis. The uninjured nasal mucosa of mice appears, therefore, to be as susceptible to experimental infection as the traumatized brain or pads of animals. The microscopic changes accompanying the reactions to both viruses reveal, in rapidly lethal infections, pronounced destructive lesions in the cells of the central nervous system. When the experimental disease is more protracted in its course, however, these lesions are associated with beginning productive, inflammatory reactions, consisting chiefly of mononuclear infiltrations. In the latter instances, characteristic, intranuclear inclusion bodies can be more readily observed. Both viruses can be cultivated with facility in the medium of minced chicken embryonic tissue suspended in Tyrode's solution, although 24 to 48 hour old chicks are refractory to artificial infection. No cross-immunity reactions occur between the two strains of stomatitis virus or between them and the encephalomyelitis strain. The viruses are evidently similar in many biological properties. In view of the fact that the horse is the natural host for both, it is suggested that they may be generically related. They are not, of course, identical since cross-immunity between them does not exist. The absence of cross-immunity does not, however, exclude the possibility of a generic relationship, for there are at least three immunologically distinct types of foot-and-mouth disease, two of vesicular stomatitis, and two of equine encephalomyelitis (14) virus.
Publication Date: 1934-01-31 PubMed ID: 19870237PubMed Central: PMC2132347DOI: 10.1084/jem.59.2.159Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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The research article studies the characteristics and behaviors of two horse diseases – vesicular stomatitis and equine encephalomyelitis. The researchers discovered that both viruses can change their nature and cause infection in certain animals and suggested a possible generic relationship due to shared biological properties and common natural host, despite the absence of cross-immunity.
Research on Virus Properties
- The researchers focused on viruses causing two diseases in horses: vesicular stomatitis and equine encephalomyelitis.
- They observed that the stomatitis virus, typically dermotropic or skin-targeting, can turn neurotropic – targeting nerve cells, while the encephalomyelitis virus, generally neurotropic, can become dermotropic.
- The neurotropism in both cases was accompanied by some degree of viscerotropism – a predilection for visceral organs – but not pronounced.
Experiment Outcomes in Animals
- The viruses were tested on various animals, including mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and a couple of monkey species.
- Both viruses could cause similar infections in these animals, with mice being the most susceptible, especially after intracerebral (inside the brain) inoculation.
- The researchers found that the nasal membranes of mice are highly susceptible to infection by these viruses, even without any injuries, to the same extent as the traumatized brain or pads of animals.
Detailed Observations
- Microscopic changes occurring due to these viral infections displayed serious destructive lesions in brain cells during rapid infections.
- In protracted disease courses, these lesions were linked to nascent productive and inflammatory reactions involving chiefly mononuclear infiltrations, and intranuclear inclusion bodies were more readily observable.
Cultivation and Immunity of Viruses
- Both viruses were cultured easily in a medium of minced chicken embryonic tissue in Tyrode’s solution, but chicks between 24 and 48 hours old resisted such artificial infection.
- No cross-immunity was observed between the two strains of stomatitis virus or between any of them and the encephalomyelitis strain, asserting that they are not identical
Conclusion and Speculations
- Due to observed resemblances in many biological traits and the commonality of the horse being their natural host, the researchers conjectured that the two viruses might have a generic relationship.
- However, the lack of cross-immunity does not necessarily undermine this conjecture since there are examples of immunologically distinct types of the same disease, such as foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis and equine encephalomyelitis.
Cite This Article
APA
Olitsky PK, Cox HR, Syverton JT.
(1934).
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE VIRUSES OF VESICULAR STOMATITIS AND EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (1).
J Exp Med, 59(2), 159-171.
https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.59.2.159 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Laboratories of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.
References
This article includes 7 references
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Citations
This article has been cited 14 times.- Rihn SJ, Aziz MA, Stewart DG, Hughes J, Turnbull ML, Varela M, Sugrue E, Herd CS, Stanifer M, Sinkins SP, Palmarini M, Wilson SJ. TRIM69 Inhibits Vesicular Stomatitis Indiana Virus. J Virol 2019 Oct 15;93(20).
- Mire CE, Miller AD, Carville A, Westmoreland SV, Geisbert JB, Mansfield KG, Feldmann H, Hensley LE, Geisbert TW. Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vaccine vectors expressing filovirus glycoproteins lack neurovirulence in nonhuman primates. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012;6(3):e1567.
- Bang FB. THE COURSE OF EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF THE CHICK EMBRYO WITH THE VIRUS OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS. J Exp Med 1943 Apr 1;77(4):337-44.
- Jungeblut CW, Sanders M, Feiner RR. STUDIES IN RODENT POLIOMYELITIS : I. FURTHER EXPERIMENTS WITH THE MURINE STRAIN OF SK POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS. J Exp Med 1942 Jun 1;75(6):611-29.
- Morgan IM. INFLUENCE OF AGE ON SUSCEPTIBILITY AND ON IMMUNE RESPONSE OF MICE TO EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS. J Exp Med 1941 Jul 31;74(2):115-32.
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- Olitsky PK. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE VIRUS OF INFECTIOUS AVIAN ENCEPHALOMYELITIS. J Exp Med 1939 Nov 30;70(6):565-82.
- Olitsky PK, Harford CG. INTRAPERITONEAL AND INTRACEREBRAL ROUTES IN SERUM PROTECTION TESTS WITH THE VIRUS OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS : I. A COMPARISON OF THE TWO ROUTES IN PROTECTION TESTS. J Exp Med 1938 Jul 31;68(2):173-89.
- Sabin AB, Olitsky PK. INFLUENCE OF HOST FACTORS ON NEUROINVASIVENESS OF VESICULAR STOMATITIS VIRUS : III. EFFECT OF AGE AND PATHWAY OF INFECTION ON THE CHARACTER AND LOCALIZATION OF LESIONS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. J Exp Med 1938 Jan 31;67(2):201-28.
- Olitsky PK, Sabin AB, Cox HR. AN ACQUIRED RESISTANCE OF GROWING ANIMALS TO CERTAIN NEUROTROPIC VIRUSES IN THE ABSENCE OF HUMORAL ANTIBODIES OR PREVIOUS EXPOSURE TO INFECTION. J Exp Med 1936 Oct 31;64(5):723-37.
- Johnson JE, Coleman JW, Kalyan NK, Calderon P, Wright KJ, Obregon J, Ogin-Wilson E, Natuk RJ, Clarke DK, Udem SA, Cooper D, Hendry RM. In vivo biodistribution of a highly attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing HIV-1 Gag following intramuscular, intranasal, or intravenous inoculation. Vaccine 2009 May 14;27(22):2930-9.
- Johnson JE, Nasar F, Coleman JW, Price RE, Javadian A, Draper K, Lee M, Reilly PA, Clarke DK, Hendry RM, Udem SA. Neurovirulence properties of recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vectors in non-human primates. Virology 2007 Mar 30;360(1):36-49.
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