FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Osteoarthritis and cartilage2012; 20(10); 1147-1151; doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.06.005

Comparative study of depth-dependent characteristics of equine and human osteochondral tissue from the medial and lateral femoral condyles.

Abstract: Articular cartilage defects are common after joint injuries. When left untreated, the biomechanical protective function of cartilage is gradually lost, making the joint more susceptible to further damage, causing progressive loss of joint function and eventually osteoarthritis (OA). In the process of translating promising tissue-engineering cartilage repair approaches from bench to bedside, pre-clinical animal models including mice, rabbits, goats, and horses, are widely used. The equine species is becoming an increasingly popular model for the in vivo evaluation of regenerative orthopaedic approaches. As there is also an increasing body of evidence suggesting that successful lasting tissue reconstruction requires an implant that mimics natural tissue organization, it is imperative that depth-dependent characteristics of equine osteochondral tissue are known, to assess to what extent they resemble those in humans. Therefore, osteochondral cores (4-8 mm) were obtained from the medial and lateral femoral condyles of equine and human donors. Cores were processed for histology and for biochemical quantification of DNA, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen content. Equine and human osteochondral tissues possess similar geometrical (thickness) and organizational (GAG, collagen and DNA distribution with depth) features. These comparable trends further underscore the validity of the equine model for the evaluation of regenerative approaches for articular cartilage.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2012-07-07 PubMed ID: 22781206DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.06.005Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Comparative Study
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research examines the similarities and characteristics of equine (horse) and human osteochondral tissue in a comparative study. The aim is to ascertain the validity of using equine models in testing techniques for repairing joint injuries that can lead to osteoarthritis.

Objective of the Study

  • The main goal of this study is to test the relevance and potential effectiveness of the equine model for testing regenerative orthopaedic treatments.
  • To conduct this research, the team extracted osteochondral cores from the medial and lateral femoral condyles of horses and human donors.

About Osteochondral Tissue

  • Osteochondral tissue refers to the combined area of bone (osteo) and cartilage (chondral) at the ends of the bones in a joint. It plays a crucial role in the smooth operation of the joint.
  • This tissue can suffer defects following joint injuries. If not treated timely, the condition may degenerate the protective function of cartilage, leading to a gradual loss of joint function, and eventually, osteoarthritis (OA).

Why Equine Model?

  • For the translation of tissue-engineering techniques from lab to patient use, several pre-clinical animal models are used such as mice, rabbits, goats, and horses.
  • The equine model is a popular choice for in vivo evaluation of regenerative orthopaedic techniques due to their anatomical and physiological similarities with humans.
  • Furthermore, to attain a successful and lasting tissue reconstruction, the implant must mimic the organization of natural tissue.
  • For this, an understanding of depth-dependent characteristics of equine osteochondral tissue is essential.

Findings

  • The study analyzed collected cores for histology and performed a biochemical quantification of DNA, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen content.
  • Results showed that both equine and human tissues have comparable geometric (thickness) and organizational (distribution of GAG, collagen, and DNA with depth) traits.
  • These similar trends underscore the validity of using an equine model for the testing and evaluation of regenerative techniques for articular cartilage issues.

Cite This Article

APA
Malda J, Benders KE, Klein TJ, de Grauw JC, Kik MJ, Hutmacher DW, Saris DB, van Weeren PR, Dhert WJ. (2012). Comparative study of depth-dependent characteristics of equine and human osteochondral tissue from the medial and lateral femoral condyles. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 20(10), 1147-1151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2012.06.005

Publication

Osteoarthritis and cartilage
ISSN: 1522-9653
NlmUniqueID: 9305697
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 20
Issue: 10
Pages: 1147-1151

Researcher Affiliations

Malda, J
  • Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands. j.malda@umcutrecht.nl
Benders, K E M
    Klein, T J
      de Grauw, J C
        Kik, M J L
          Hutmacher, D W
            Saris, D B F
              van Weeren, P R
                Dhert, W J A

                  MeSH Terms

                  • Aged
                  • Animals
                  • Cartilage, Articular / anatomy & histology
                  • Cartilage, Articular / metabolism
                  • Collagen / metabolism
                  • DNA
                  • Femur / anatomy & histology
                  • Femur / metabolism
                  • Glycosaminoglycans / metabolism
                  • Horses / anatomy & histology
                  • Horses / physiology
                  • Humans
                  • Joints / anatomy & histology
                  • Joints / metabolism
                  • Models, Animal
                  • Species Specificity
                  • Tissue Engineering

                  Citations

                  This article has been cited 62 times.
                  1. Thampi P, Seabaugh KA, Pezzanite LM, Chu CR, Phillips JN, Grieger JC, McIlwraith CW, Samulski RJ, Goodrich LR. A pilot study to determine the optimal dose of scAAVIL-1ra in a large animal model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Gene Ther 2023 Sep 11;.
                    doi: 10.1038/s41434-023-00420-2pubmed: 37696981google scholar: lookup
                  2. Wang Y, Chen Y, Wei Y. Osteoarthritis animal models for biomaterial-assisted osteochondral regeneration. Biomater Transl 2022;3(4):264-279.
                    doi: 10.12336/biomatertransl.2022.04.006pubmed: 36846505google scholar: lookup
                  3. Sundar S, Linardi R, Gaesser A, Guo T, Ortved K, Engiles J, Parreno J, Dhong C. Optics-Free, In Situ Swelling Monitoring of Articular Cartilage with Graphene Strain Sensors. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023 Feb 13;9(2):1011-1019.
                    doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01456pubmed: 36701648google scholar: lookup
                  4. Chawla S, Mainardi A, Majumder N, Dönges L, Kumar B, Occhetta P, Martin I, Egloff C, Ghosh S, Bandyopadhyay A, Barbero A. Chondrocyte Hypertrophy in Osteoarthritis: Mechanistic Studies and Models for the Identification of New Therapeutic Strategies. Cells 2022 Dec 13;11(24).
                    doi: 10.3390/cells11244034pubmed: 36552796google scholar: lookup
                  5. Dechêne L, Colin M, Demazy C, Fransolet M, Niesten A, Arnould T, Serteyn D, Dieu M, Renard P. Characterization of the Proteins Secreted by Equine Muscle-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Exposed to Cartilage Explants in Osteoarthritis Model. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023 Feb;19(2):550-567.
                    doi: 10.1007/s12015-022-10463-4pubmed: 36271312google scholar: lookup
                  6. Thampi P, Samulski RJ, Grieger JC, Phillips JN, McIlwraith CW, Goodrich LR. Gene therapy approaches for equine osteoarthritis. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:962898.
                    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.962898pubmed: 36246316google scholar: lookup
                  7. Cullier A, Cassé F, Manivong S, Contentin R, Legendre F, Garcia Ac A, Sirois P, Roullin G, Banquy X, Moldovan F, Bertoni L, Audigié F, Galéra P, Demoor M. Functionalized Nanogels with Endothelin-1 and Bradykinin Receptor Antagonist Peptides Decrease Inflammatory and Cartilage Degradation Markers of Osteoarthritis in a Horse Organoid Model of Cartilage. Int J Mol Sci 2022 Aug 11;23(16).
                    doi: 10.3390/ijms23168949pubmed: 36012214google scholar: lookup
                  8. Contentin R, Jammes M, Bourdon B, Cassé F, Bianchi A, Audigié F, Branly T, Velot É, Galéra P. Bone Marrow MSC Secretome Increases Equine Articular Chondrocyte Collagen Accumulation and Their Migratory Capacities. Int J Mol Sci 2022 May 21;23(10).
                    doi: 10.3390/ijms23105795pubmed: 35628604google scholar: lookup
                  9. Kendall A, Ekman S, Skiöldebrand E. Nerve growth factor receptors in equine synovial membranes vary with osteoarthritic disease severity. J Orthop Res 2023 Feb;41(2):316-324.
                    doi: 10.1002/jor.25382pubmed: 35578994google scholar: lookup
                  10. Ding SL, Liu X, Zhao XY, Wang KT, Xiong W, Gao ZL, Sun CY, Jia MX, Li C, Gu Q, Zhang MZ. Microcarriers in application for cartilage tissue engineering: Recent progress and challenges. Bioact Mater 2022 Nov;17:81-108.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.01.033pubmed: 35386447google scholar: lookup
                  11. Doyle SE, Snow F, Duchi S, O'Connell CD, Onofrillo C, Di Bella C, Pirogova E. 3D Printed Multiphasic Scaffolds for Osteochondral Repair: Challenges and Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2021 Nov 17;22(22).
                    doi: 10.3390/ijms222212420pubmed: 34830302google scholar: lookup
                  12. Wei W, Dai H. Articular cartilage and osteochondral tissue engineering techniques: Recent advances and challenges. Bioact Mater 2021 Dec;6(12):4830-4855.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.05.011pubmed: 34136726google scholar: lookup
                  13. Nelson BB, Stewart RC, Kawcak CE, Freedman JD, Patwa AN, Snyder BD, Goodrich LR, Grinstaff MW. Quantitative Evaluation of Equine Articular Cartilage Using Cationic Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography. Cartilage 2021 Apr;12(2):211-221.
                    doi: 10.1177/1947603518812562pubmed: 33722083google scholar: lookup
                  14. Khella CM, Asgarian R, Horvath JM, Rolauffs B, Hart ML. An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Human Knee Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis (PTOA): Timeline of Clinical Presentation and Disease Markers, Comparison of Knee Joint PTOA Models and Early Disease Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2021 Feb 17;22(4).
                    doi: 10.3390/ijms22041996pubmed: 33671471google scholar: lookup
                  15. Bourdon B, Contentin R, Cassé F, Maspimby C, Oddoux S, Noël A, Legendre F, Gruchy N, Galéra P. Marine Collagen Hydrolysates Downregulate the Synthesis of Pro-Catabolic and Pro-Inflammatory Markers of Osteoarthritis and Favor Collagen Production and Metabolic Activity in Equine Articular Chondrocyte Organoids. Int J Mol Sci 2021 Jan 8;22(2).
                    doi: 10.3390/ijms22020580pubmed: 33430111google scholar: lookup
                  16. Te Moller NCR, Mohammadi A, Plomp S, Serra Bragança FM, Beukers M, Pouran B, Afara IO, Nippolainen E, Mäkelä JTA, Korhonen RK, Töyräs J, Brommer H, van Weeren PR. Structural, compositional, and functional effects of blunt and sharp cartilage damage on the joint: A 9-month equine groove model study. J Orthop Res 2021 Nov;39(11):2363-2375.
                    doi: 10.1002/jor.24971pubmed: 33368588google scholar: lookup
                  17. Ruediger T, Horbert V, Reuther A, Kumar Kalla P, Burgkart RH, Walther M, Kinne RW, Mika J. Thickness of the Stifle Joint Articular Cartilage in Different Large Animal Models of Cartilage Repair and Regeneration. Cartilage 2021 Dec;13(2_suppl):438S-452S.
                    doi: 10.1177/1947603520976763pubmed: 33269611google scholar: lookup
                  18. Ribitsch I, Baptista PM, Lange-Consiglio A, Melotti L, Patruno M, Jenner F, Schnabl-Feichter E, Dutton LC, Connolly DJ, van Steenbeek FG, Dudhia J, Penning LC. Large Animal Models in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering: To Do or Not to Do. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020;8:972.
                    doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00972pubmed: 32903631google scholar: lookup
                  19. Chakrabarti S, Ai M, Henson FMD, Smith ESJ. Peripheral mechanisms of arthritic pain: A proposal to leverage large animals for in vitro studies. Neurobiol Pain 2020 Aug-Dec;8:100051.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2020.100051pubmed: 32817908google scholar: lookup
                  20. Yassin AM, AbuBakr HO, Abdelgalil AI, Khattab MS, El-Behairy AM, Gouda EM. COL2A1 and Caspase-3 as Promising Biomarkers for Osteoarthritis Prognosis in an Equus asinus Model. Biomolecules 2020 Feb 26;10(3).
                    doi: 10.3390/biom10030354pubmed: 32111016google scholar: lookup
                  21. Fugazzola MC, van Weeren PR. Surgical osteochondral defect repair in the horse-a matter of form or function?. Equine Vet J 2020 Jul;52(4):489-499.
                    doi: 10.1111/evj.13231pubmed: 31958175google scholar: lookup
                  22. Diloksumpan P, de Ruijter M, Castilho M, Gbureck U, Vermonden T, van Weeren PR, Malda J, Levato R. Combining multi-scale 3D printing technologies to engineer reinforced hydrogel-ceramic interfaces. Biofabrication 2020 Feb 19;12(2):025014.
                    doi: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab69d9pubmed: 31918421google scholar: lookup
                  23. Soleimani M, Funnell WRJ, Decraemer WF. A Non-linear Viscoelastic Model of the Incudostapedial Joint. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2020 Feb;21(1):21-32.
                    doi: 10.1007/s10162-019-00736-0pubmed: 31620954google scholar: lookup
                  24. Sarin JK, Torniainen J, Prakash M, Rieppo L, Afara IO, Töyräs J. Dataset on equine cartilage near infrared spectra, composition, and functional properties. Sci Data 2019 Aug 30;6(1):164.
                    doi: 10.1038/s41597-019-0170-ypubmed: 31471536google scholar: lookup
                  25. Boere J, Malda J, van de Lest CHA, van Weeren PR, Wauben MHM. Extracellular Vesicles in Joint Disease and Therapy. Front Immunol 2018;9:2575.
                    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02575pubmed: 30483255google scholar: lookup
                  26. Cope PJ, Ourradi K, Li Y, Sharif M. Models of osteoarthritis: the good, the bad and the promising. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019 Feb;27(2):230-239.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.09.016pubmed: 30391394google scholar: lookup
                  27. Sarin JK, Te Moller NCR, Mancini IAD, Brommer H, Visser J, Malda J, van Weeren PR, Afara IO, Töyräs J. Arthroscopic near infrared spectroscopy enables simultaneous quantitative evaluation of articular cartilage and subchondral bone in vivo. Sci Rep 2018 Sep 7;8(1):13409.
                    doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31670-5pubmed: 30194446google scholar: lookup
                  28. Lo Monaco M, Merckx G, Ratajczak J, Gervois P, Hilkens P, Clegg P, Bronckaers A, Vandeweerd JM, Lambrichts I. Stem Cells for Cartilage Repair: Preclinical Studies and Insights in Translational Animal Models and Outcome Measures. Stem Cells Int 2018;2018:9079538.
                    doi: 10.1155/2018/9079538pubmed: 29535784google scholar: lookup
                  29. Branly T, Contentin R, Desancé M, Jacquel T, Bertoni L, Jacquet S, Mallein-Gerin F, Denoix JM, Audigié F, Demoor M, Galéra P. Improvement of the Chondrocyte-Specific Phenotype upon Equine Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation: Influence of Culture Time, Transforming Growth Factors and Type I Collagen siRNAs on the Differentiation Index. Int J Mol Sci 2018 Feb 1;19(2).
                    doi: 10.3390/ijms19020435pubmed: 29389887google scholar: lookup
                  30. Frondoza CG, Fortuno LV, Grzanna MW, Ownby SL, Au AY, Rashmir-Raven AM. α-Lipoic Acid Potentiates the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Avocado/Soybean Unsaponifiables in Chondrocyte Cultures. Cartilage 2018 Jul;9(3):304-312.
                    doi: 10.1177/1947603516686146pubmed: 29156944google scholar: lookup
                  31. Mouser VHM, Dautzenberg NMM, Levato R, van Rijen MHP, Dhert WJA, Malda J, Gawlitta D. Ex vivo model unravelling cell distribution effect in hydrogels for cartilage repair. ALTEX 2018;35(1):65-76.
                    doi: 10.14573/altex.1704171pubmed: 28884783google scholar: lookup
                  32. Mancini IAD, Vindas Bolaños RA, Brommer H, Castilho M, Ribeiro A, van Loon JPAM, Mensinga A, van Rijen MHP, Malda J, van Weeren R. Fixation of Hydrogel Constructs for Cartilage Repair in the Equine Model: A Challenging Issue. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2017 Nov;23(11):804-814.
                    doi: 10.1089/ten.TEC.2017.0200pubmed: 28795641google scholar: lookup
                  33. Levato R, Webb WR, Otto IA, Mensinga A, Zhang Y, van Rijen M, van Weeren R, Khan IM, Malda J. The bio in the ink: cartilage regeneration with bioprintable hydrogels and articular cartilage-derived progenitor cells. Acta Biomater 2017 Oct 1;61:41-53.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.08.005pubmed: 28782725google scholar: lookup
                  34. Branly T, Bertoni L, Contentin R, Rakic R, Gomez-Leduc T, Desancé M, Hervieu M, Legendre F, Jacquet S, Audigié F, Denoix JM, Demoor M, Galéra P. Characterization and use of Equine Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Equine Cartilage Engineering. Study of their Hyaline Cartilage Forming Potential when Cultured under Hypoxia within a Biomaterial in the Presence of BMP-2 and TGF-ß1. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017 Oct;13(5):611-630.
                    doi: 10.1007/s12015-017-9748-ypubmed: 28597211google scholar: lookup
                  35. Vindas Bolaños RA, Cokelaere SM, Estrada McDermott JM, Benders KE, Gbureck U, Plomp SG, Weinans H, Groll J, van Weeren PR, Malda J. The use of a cartilage decellularized matrix scaffold for the repair of osteochondral defects: the importance of long-term studies in a large animal model. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017 Mar;25(3):413-420.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.08.005pubmed: 27554995google scholar: lookup
                  36. Boere J, van de Lest CH, Libregts SF, Arkesteijn GJ, Geerts WJ, Nolte-'t Hoen EN, Malda J, van Weeren PR, Wauben MH. Synovial fluid pretreatment with hyaluronidase facilitates isolation of CD44+ extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2016;5:31751.
                    doi: 10.3402/jev.v5.31751pubmed: 27511891google scholar: lookup
                  37. Moran CJ, Ramesh A, Brama PA, O'Byrne JM, O'Brien FJ, Levingstone TJ. The benefits and limitations of animal models for translational research in cartilage repair. J Exp Orthop 2016 Dec;3(1):1.
                    doi: 10.1186/s40634-015-0037-xpubmed: 26915001google scholar: lookup
                  38. Malda J, Boere J, van de Lest CH, van Weeren P, Wauben MH. Extracellular vesicles — new tool for joint repair and regeneration. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2016 Apr;12(4):243-9.
                    doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2015.170pubmed: 26729461google scholar: lookup
                  39. Benders KE, Boot W, Cokelaere SM, Van Weeren PR, Gawlitta D, Bergman HJ, Saris DB, Dhert WJ, Malda J. Multipotent Stromal Cells Outperform Chondrocytes on Cartilage-Derived Matrix Scaffolds. Cartilage 2014 Oct;5(4):221-30.
                    doi: 10.1177/1947603514535245pubmed: 26069701google scholar: lookup
                  40. Malda J, McIlwraith CW. Current Trends in Cartilage Science: An Impression from the ICRS World Conference 2012. Cartilage 2013 Oct;4(4):273-80.
                    doi: 10.1177/1947603513479606pubmed: 26069672google scholar: lookup
                  41. Nieminen HJ, Ylitalo T, Karhula S, Suuronen JP, Kauppinen S, Serimaa R, Hæggström E, Pritzker KP, Valkealahti M, Lehenkari P, Finnilä M, Saarakkala S. Determining collagen distribution in articular cartilage using contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015 Sep;23(9):1613-21.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.05.004pubmed: 26003951google scholar: lookup
                  42. Steele JA, McCullen SD, Callanan A, Autefage H, Accardi MA, Dini D, Stevens MM. Combinatorial scaffold morphologies for zonal articular cartilage engineering. Acta Biomater 2014 May;10(5):2065-75.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.12.030pubmed: 24370641google scholar: lookup
                  43. Malda J, de Grauw JC, Benders KE, Kik MJ, van de Lest CH, Creemers LB, Dhert WJ, van Weeren PR. Of mice, men and elephants: the relation between articular cartilage thickness and body mass. PLoS One 2013;8(2):e57683.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057683pubmed: 23437402google scholar: lookup
                  44. Del Angel-Sánchez K, Treviño-Pacheco AV, Perales-Martínez IA, Martínez-Romero O, Olvera-Trejo D, Elías-Zúñiga A. Antibacterial Crosslinker for Ternary PCL-Reinforced Hydrogels Based on Chitosan, Polyvinyl Alcohol, and Gelatin for Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2025 May 29;17(11).
                    doi: 10.3390/polym17111520pubmed: 40508766google scholar: lookup
                  45. Spauwen L, Pueyo Moliner A, van Veenendaal P, Custers R, Malda J, de Ruijter M. Engineering Anisotropic Mechanical Properties in Large-Scale Fabricated Cartilage Constructs Using Microfiber Reinforcement. Adv Healthc Mater 2025 Jul;14(19):e2501014.
                    doi: 10.1002/adhm.202501014pubmed: 40484806google scholar: lookup
                  46. Pueyo Moliner A, Ito K, Zaucke F, Kelly DJ, de Ruijter M, Malda J. Restoring articular cartilage: insights from structure, composition and development. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2025 May;21(5):291-308.
                    doi: 10.1038/s41584-025-01236-7pubmed: 40155694google scholar: lookup
                  47. Liu Y, Wan Y, Li C, Guan G, Wang F, Gao J, Wang L. Gradient scaffolds in bone-soft tissue interface engineering: Structural characteristics, fabrication techniques, and emerging trends. J Orthop Translat 2025 Jan;50:333-353.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.jot.2024.10.015pubmed: 39944791google scholar: lookup
                  48. Scheike AS, Plomp S, Fugazzola MC, Meurot C, Berenbaum F, van Weeren PR, Tryfonidou MA, von Hegedus JH. The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Liraglutide in Equine Inflammatory Joint Models. J Orthop Res 2025 May;43(5):893-903.
                    doi: 10.1002/jor.26050pubmed: 39904754google scholar: lookup
                  49. Varela L, van de Lest CHA, van Weeren PR, Wauben MHM. Synovial fluid extracellular vesicles as arthritis biomarkers: the added value of lipid-profiling and integrated omics. Extracell Vesicles Circ Nucl Acids 2024;5(2):276-296.
                    doi: 10.20517/evcna.2024.14pubmed: 39698533google scholar: lookup
                  50. Hashemi-Afzal F, Fallahi H, Bagheri F, Collins MN, Eslaminejad MB, Seitz H. Advancements in hydrogel design for articular cartilage regeneration: A comprehensive review. Bioact Mater 2025 Jan;43:1-31.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.09.005pubmed: 39318636google scholar: lookup
                  51. Fugazzola MC, De Ruijter M, Veraa S, Plomp S, van Buul W, Hermsen G, van Weeren R. A hybrid repair strategy for full-thickness cartilage defects: Long-term experimental study in eight horses. J Orthop Res 2025 Jan;43(1):59-69.
                    doi: 10.1002/jor.25972pubmed: 39292194google scholar: lookup
                  52. Tuppurainen J, Paakkari P, Jäntti J, Nissinen MT, Fugazzola MC, van Weeren R, Ylisiurua S, Nieminen MT, Kröger H, Snyder BD, Joenathan A, Grinstaff MW, Matikka H, Korhonen RK, Mäkelä JTA. Revealing Detailed Cartilage Function Through Nanoparticle Diffusion Imaging: A Computed Tomography & Finite Element Study. Ann Biomed Eng 2024 Sep;52(9):2584-2595.
                    doi: 10.1007/s10439-024-03552-7pubmed: 39012563google scholar: lookup
                  53. Chapman JH, Ghosh D, Attari S, Ude CC, Laurencin CT. Animal Models of Osteoarthritis: Updated Models and Outcome Measures 2016-2023. Regen Eng Transl Med 2024 Jun;10(2):127-146.
                    doi: 10.1007/s40883-023-00309-xpubmed: 38983776google scholar: lookup
                  54. Shahini F, Oskouei S, Nippolainen E, Mohammadi A, Sarin JK, Moller NCRT, Brommer H, Shaikh R, Korhonen RK, van Weeren PR, Töyräs J, Afara IO. Infrared Spectroscopy Can Differentiate Between Cartilage Injury Models: Implication for Assessment of Cartilage Integrity. Ann Biomed Eng 2024 Sep;52(9):2521-2533.
                    doi: 10.1007/s10439-024-03540-xpubmed: 38902468google scholar: lookup
                  55. Williams ZJ, Chow L, Dow S, Pezzanite LM. The potential for senotherapy as a novel approach to extend life quality in veterinary medicine. Front Vet Sci 2024;11:1369153.
                    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1369153pubmed: 38812556google scholar: lookup
                  56. Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Malin K, Dąbrowska I, Grzędzicka J, Ostaszewski P, Carter C. Immunology of Physical Exercise: Is Equus caballus an Appropriate Animal Model for Human Athletes?. Int J Mol Sci 2024 May 10;25(10).
                    doi: 10.3390/ijms25105210pubmed: 38791248google scholar: lookup
                  57. Jasiński T, Turek B, Kaczorowski M, Brehm W, Skierbiszewska K, Bonecka J, Domino M. Equine Models of Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis: A Review of Feasibility, Biomarkers, and Molecular Signaling. Biomedicines 2024 Feb 28;12(3).
                    doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12030542pubmed: 38540155google scholar: lookup
                  58. Ma Y, Lin Q, Wang X, Liu Y, Yu X, Ren Z, Zhang Y, Guo L, Wu X, Zhang X, Li P, Duan W, Wei X. Biomechanical properties of articular cartilage in different regions and sites of the knee joint: acquisition of osteochondral allografts. Cell Tissue Bank 2024 Jun;25(2):633-648.
                    doi: 10.1007/s10561-024-10126-3pubmed: 38319426google scholar: lookup
                  59. Clarke E, Varela L, Jenkins RE, Lozano-Andrés E, Cywińska A, Przewozny M, van Weeren PR, van de Lest CHA, Peffers M, Wauben MHM. Proteome and phospholipidome interrelationship of synovial fluid-derived extracellular vesicles in equine osteoarthritis: An exploratory 'multi-omics' study to identify composite biomarkers. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024 Mar;37:101635.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101635pubmed: 38298208google scholar: lookup
                  60. de Ruijter M, Diloksumpan P, Dokter I, Brommer H, Smit IH, Levato R, van Weeren PR, Castilho M, Malda J. Orthotopic equine study confirms the pivotal importance of structural reinforcement over the pre-culture of cartilage implants. Bioeng Transl Med 2024 Jan;9(1):e10614.
                    doi: 10.1002/btm2.10614pubmed: 38193127google scholar: lookup
                  61. Andersen C, Jacobsen S, Uvebrant K, Griffin JF 4th, Vonk LA, Walters M, Berg LC, Lundgren-Åkerlund E, Lindegaard C. Integrin α10β1-Selected Mesenchymal Stem Cells Reduce Pain and Cartilage Degradation and Increase Immunomodulation in an Equine Osteoarthritis Model. Cartilage 2025 Jun;16(2):250-264.
                    doi: 10.1177/19476035231209402pubmed: 37990503google scholar: lookup
                  62. Torzilli PA, Allen SN. Effect of Articular Surface Compression on Cartilage Extracellular Matrix Deformation. J Biomech Eng 2022 Sep 1;144(9).
                    doi: 10.1115/1.4054108pubmed: 35292801google scholar: lookup
                  Subscribe to our newsletter
                  Join 99,727 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.