FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
The Veterinary record2022; 192(10); e2479; doi: 10.1002/vetr.2479

Comparing the anti-nociceptive, sedative and clinicophysiological effects of epidural detomidine, detomidine-lidocaine and lidocaine in donkeys.

Abstract: Epidural analgesia using the alpha-2 agonist detomidine (DE), alone or in combination with lidocaine (LD), is frequently employed for standing surgical procedures in horses, but its use has not been evaluated in donkeys. Methods: In a randomised controlled prospective trial, 24 healthy adult donkeys were assigned to four groups (n = 6), each receiving 40 μg/kg of DE, 0.22 mg/kg of LD, combined DE and LD (DELD) or 0.9% sterile normal saline epidurally. After epidural injection of each treatment, the onset, degree and duration of sedation and anatomical extension of anti-nociception were observed. Results: DE and DELD treatments resulted in complete bilateral analgesia with loss of sensation in the tail, perineum, inguinal area, chest and the caudal aspect of the upper pelvic limb, and extended distally to the dorsal metatarsal area. DE and DELD resulted in a significantly (p < 0.05) longer duration of anti-nociception (110 ± 15.4 min and 141.6 ± 14.7 min, respectively) than LD (75.8 ± 4.9 min). The DELD duration of sedation was significantly (p < 0.05) longer than the DE duration (118.3 ± 19.4 min and 108.3 ± 7.5 min, respectively). Conclusions: The current study's main limitation is using only one dose of DE. Conclusions: DE and DELD produced a very effective, safe and acceptable sedative and analgesic effect in the perineal and inguinal regions of donkeys.
© 2022 British Veterinary Association.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-12-21 PubMed ID: 36544432DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2479Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Randomized Controlled Trial
  • Veterinary
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article looks into the effects of using epidural analgesia – with the drugs detomidine and lidocaine, alone and combined – in sedating donkeys and numbing them to pain. This medication approach is frequently used for standing surgical procedures in horses, but its application has not been widely explored in donkeys before.

Research Design and Methodology

  • A randomized controlled prospective trial was utilized for the study which included 24 healthy adult donkeys. The donkeys were separated into four groups (each containing 6 donkeys) with each group receiving different medication: detomidine (DE), lidocaine (LD), a combination of DE and LD (DELD), or a regulated saline solution epidurally (injection into the spinal canal).
  • The researchers then observed the effects of these different treatments, looking at the onset, degree, and duration of sedation, as well as the scale of anti-pain (anti-nociception) effect in the donkeys.

Results of the Research

  • The DE and DELD treatments resulted in a significant loss of sensation in multiple regions such as the tail, perineum, chest, inguinal area and even on the limbs of the donkeys. This implies that the substances were effective in bringing about total bilateral analgesia or loss of sensation to pain.
  • Additionally, the DE and DELD treatments showed significantly longer durations of anti-nociception (110 minutes and 141.6 minutes, respectively) compared to LD, which lasted for roughly 75.8 minutes.
  • The duration of sedation for the combined drug (DELD) was notably longer than when DE was used alone (118.3 minutes versus 108.3 minutes).

Conclusion and Limitation of the Research

  • One of the main limitations of the study is that it used only one dose of DE, so the effects of different doses aren’t explored.
  • The research concluded that the use of DE and DELD produced a safe and effective sedative and pain-numbing effect on donkeys, especially in the perineal and inguinal regions.

Cite This Article

APA
Marzok M, Almubarak AI, Kandeel M, El-Khodery S. (2022). Comparing the anti-nociceptive, sedative and clinicophysiological effects of epidural detomidine, detomidine-lidocaine and lidocaine in donkeys. Vet Rec, 192(10), e2479. https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.2479

Publication

The Veterinary record
ISSN: 2042-7670
NlmUniqueID: 0031164
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 192
Issue: 10
Pages: e2479

Researcher Affiliations

Marzok, Mohamed
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
  • Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.
Almubarak, Adel I
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
Kandeel, Mahmoud
  • Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
  • Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.
El-Khodery, Sabry
  • Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Manosura, Egypt.

MeSH Terms

  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Equidae / physiology
  • Hypnotics and Sedatives
  • Lidocaine
  • Prospective Studies
  • Analgesia, Epidural / veterinary

Grant Funding

  • AN000422 / Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia

References

This article includes 46 references
  1. Sysel AM, Pleasant RS, Jacobson JD, Moll HD, Modransky PD, Warnick LD. Efficacy of an epidural combination of morphine and detomidine in alleviating experimentally induced hindlimb lameness in horses.. Vet Surg 1996;25:511-8.
  2. Natalini CC. Spinal anesthetics and analgesics in the horse.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2010;26:551-64.
  3. Skarda R, Grosenbaugh D, Muir W. Caudal regional anaesthesia in horses.. Equine Vet Educ 2010;15:108-16.
  4. Day TK, Skarda RT. The pharmacology of local anesthetics.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1991;7:489-500.
  5. Skarda R, Muir W 3rd. Comparison of antinociceptive, cardiovascular, and respiratory effects, head ptosis, and position of pelvic limbs in mares after caudal epidural administration of xylazine and detomidine hydrochloride solution.. Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1338-45.
  6. England GC, Clarke KW. Alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonists in the horse-a review.. Br Vet J 1996;152:641-57.
  7. Valverde A. Alpha-2 agonists as pain therapy in horses.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2010;26:515-32.
  8. Pawson P. Chapter 6-sedatives.. In: Maddison JE, Page SW, Church DB, editors. Small animal clinical pharmacology. 2nd ed. W.B. Saunders; 2008. p. 113-25.
  9. Skarda RT, Muir WW 3rd. Caudal analgesia induced by epidural or subarachnoid administration of detomidine hydrochloride solution in mares.. Am J Vet Res 1994;55:670-80.
  10. Goodrich LR, Nixon AJ, Fubini SL, Ducharme NG, Fortier LA, Warnick LD. Epidural morphine and detomidine decreases postoperative hindlimb lameness in horses after bilateral stifle arthroscopy.. Vet Surg 2002;31:232-9.
  11. Fischer BL, Ludders JW, Asakawa M, Fortier LA, Fubini SL, Nixon AJ. A comparison of epidural buprenorphine plus detomidine with morphine plus detomidine in horses undergoing bilateral stifle arthroscopy.. Vet Anaesth Analg 2009;36:67-76.
  12. Sarafzadeh RF, Rezazadeh F, Behfar M. Comparison of caudal epidural administration of lidocaine and xylazine to xylazine/ketamine combination in donkey (Equus asinus).. Iran J Vet Surg 2007;02(5):7-16.
  13. Hamed MA, Abouelnasr KS, Ibrahim HM, El-Khodery SA. Comparative, sedative, and analgesic effects of epidural dexmedetomidine and xylazine in donkeys (Equus asinus).. J Equine Vet Sci 2017;59:104-9.
  14. Peat J. Health science research.. London: SAGE Publications, Ltd.; 2002.
  15. Prado ME, Streeter RN, Mandsager RE, Shawley RV, Claypool PL. Pharmacologic effects of epidural versus intramuscular administration of detomidine in cattle.. Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1242-7.
  16. Marzok M, El-Khodery SA. Comparative antinociceptive and sedative effects of epidural romifidine and detomidine in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).. Vet Rec 2017;181:20.
  17. Zayed M, Mahmoud E, Khalil A, Salah M, Moustafa M, Youssef M. Lumbosacral injection of lidocaine, detomidine and lidocaine-detomidine in goats: anti-nociceptive effects and changes on haematobiochemical parameters.. J Appl Anim Res 2020;48:57-62.
  18. Marzok MA, El-Khodery SA. Comparative analgesic and sedative effects of tramadol, tramadol-lidocaine and lidocaine for caudal epidural analgesia in donkeys (Equus asinus).. Vet Anaesth Analg 2015;42:215-9.
  19. Lizarraga I, Castillo-Alcala F. Sedative and mechanical hypoalgesic effects of butorphanol in xylazine-premedicated donkeys.. Equine Vet J 2015;47:308-12.
  20. Mostafa MB, Farag KA, Zomor E, Bashandy MM. The sedative and analgesic effects of detomidine (Domosedan) in donkeys.. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 1995;42:351-6.
  21. Lizarraga I, Castillo-Alcala F, Varner KM, Robinson LS. Sedation and mechanical antinociception after intravenous administration of detomidine in donkeys: a dosage-effect study.. Vet Rec 2015;176:202.
  22. Hamm D, Turchi P, Jöchle W. Sedative and analgesic effects of detomidine and romifidine in horses.. Vet Rec 1995;136:324-7.
  23. Jöchle W. Field trial evaluation of detomidine as a sedative and analgesic in horses with colic.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1989:117-20.
  24. Robinson EP, Natalini CC. Epidural anesthesia and analgesia in horses.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2002;18:61-82.vi.
  25. Grubb TL, Riebold TW, Crisman RO, Lamb LD. Comparison of lidocaine, xylazine, and lidocaine-xylazine for caudal epidural analgesia in cattle.. Vet Anaesth Analg 2002;29:64-8.
  26. Akbar H, Khan MA, Bokhari SG, Khan HM, Anjum AA. Comparative efficacy of medetomidine HCl and lignocaine HCl as epidural anesthetic in buffalo calves.. Pak Vet J 2014;34:377-80.
  27. Kinjavdekar P, Aithal H, Pawde A, Pratap K. Analgesic, sedative and haemodynamic effects of spinally administered romifidine in female goats.. J Vet Med Series A 2002;49:3-8.
  28. Derossi R, Junqueira A, Beretta M. Analgesic and systemic effects of xylazine, lidocaine and their combination after subarachnoid administration in goats.. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2005;76:79-84.
  29. Elkammar M, Gad S. Evaluation of the sedative, analgesic, clinicophysiological and haematological effects of intravenous detomidine, detomidine-butorphanol, romifidine and romifidine-butorphanol in standing donkeys.. Equine Vet Edu 2014;26:202-7.
  30. Lizarraga I, Castillo-Alcala F, Varner KM, Robinson LS. Sedation and mechanical hypoalgesia after sublingual administration of detomidine hydrochloride gel to donkeys.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016;249:83-9.
  31. Lansdowne JL, Kerr CL, Bouré LP, Pearce SG. Epidural migration of new methylene blue in 0.9% sodium chloride solution or 2% mepivacaine solution following injection into the first intercoccygeal space in foal cadavers and anesthetized foals undergoing laparoscopy.. Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1324-9.
  32. Hendrickson DAS, Southwood LL, Lopez MJ, Johnson R, Kruse-Elliott KT. Cranial migration of different volumes of new methylene blue after caudal epidural injection in the horse.. Equine Pract 1998;20:12-4.
  33. Clarke KW, Trim CM, Hall LW. Analgesia.. In: Clarke KW, Trim CM, Hall LW, editors. Veterinary anaesthesia. 11th ed. London: Elsevier; 2014. p. 120.
  34. Gómez de Segura IA, de Rossi R, Santos M, López San-Roman J, Tendillo FJ, San-Roman F. Epidural injection of ketamine for perineal analgesia in the horse.. Vet Surg 1998;27:384-91.
  35. Grubb TL, Riebold TW, Huber MJ. Comparison of lidocaine, xylazine, and xylazine/lidocaine for caudal epidural analgesia in horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992;201:1187-90.
  36. Natalini CC, Paes SD, Polydoro ADS. Analgesic and cardiopulmonary effects of epidural romifidine and morphine combination in horses.. J Equine Vet Sci 2021;102:103459.
  37. Seo J-P, Son W-G, Gang S, Lee I. Sedative and analgesic effects of intravenous xylazine and tramadol on horses.. J Vet Sci 2011;12:281-6.
  38. Brunson D, Majors L. Comparative analgesia of xylazine, xylazine/morphine, xylazine/butorphanol, and xylazine/nalbuphine in the horse, using dental dolorimetry.. Am J Vet Res 1987;48:1087-91.
  39. Marzok M, El-Khodery S. Dose-dependent anti-nociceptive and sedative effects of epidural romifidine in cattle.. Vet Rec 2016;178:140.
  40. Le Bars D, Gozariu M, Cadden SW. Animal models of nociception.. Pharmacol Rev 2001;53:597-652.
  41. Fikes LW, Lin HC, Thurmon JC. A preliminary comparison of lidocaine and xylazine as epidural analgesics in ponies.. Vet Surg 1989;18:85-6.
  42. Yaksh TL. Pharmacology of spinal adrenergic systems which modulate spinal nociceptive processing.. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1985;22:845-58.
  43. Sharma AK, Kumar N, Dimri U, Hoque M, Maiti SK, Gupta OP. Romifidine-ketamine anaesthesia in atropine and triflupromazine pre-medicated buffalo calves.. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 2004;51:420-4.
  44. Murrell JC, Hellebrekers LJ. Medetomidine and dexmedetomidine: a review of cardiovascular effects and antinociceptive properties in the dog.. Vet Anaesth Analg 2005;32:117-27.
  45. Fagerholm V, Scheinin M, Haaparanta M. Alpha2A-adrenoceptor antagonism increases insulin secretion and synergistically augments the insulinotropic effect of glibenclamide in mice.. Br J Pharmacol 2008;154:1287-96.
  46. Sinclair MD. A review of the physiological effects of alpha2-agonists related to the clinical use of medetomidine in small animal practice.. Can Vet J 2003;44:885-97.

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,658 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.