Comparison of arterial blood pressure and quality of induction and recovery in horses anesthetized with diazepam or guaifenesin co-induction combined with xylazine and ketamine and maintained on isoflurane.
Abstract: The objective of this prospective alternating crossover study was to compare quality of induction and recovery and cardiopulmonary function in horses administered guaifenesin or diazepam as co-induction drugs. Six healthy horses were anesthetized twice to undergo an MRI and surgical biopsies, with 5 wk between treatments. Horses were sedated intravenously (IV) with xylazine, 0.6 mg/kg BW, and IV induction started 4 min later. Group G received guaifenesin, 100 mg/kg BW, over 2 min and ketamine, 2 mg/kg BW, within 1 to 2 min of starting the guaifenesin. Group D received diazepam, 0.1 mg/kg BW, within 5 s and ketamine, 2 mg/kg BW, 0.5 to 1 min after and the quality of induction assessed. Horses were positioned on an MRI-compatible table, the trachea intubated, allowed to breathe spontaneously for the initial 10 min, then connected to a rebreathing circuit and anesthetic machine and mechanically ventilated under anesthesia [end-tidal isoflurane (F'Isoflurane): 1.3 to 1.5%] during the MRI. Direct arterial blood pressure, heart rate, end-tidal CO (P'CO) and F'Isoflurane were recorded at 10, 20, 30, and 40 min post-induction. Requirements for dobutamine and/or phenylephrine for arterial blood pressure support were recorded. A 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare arterial blood pressure and a Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test for comparing sedation, induction, and recovery scores (significance was set at < 0.05). Arterial pressures were not significantly different between groups; however, systolic ( = 0.004), diastolic ( < 0.0001), and mean ( = 0.004) arterial pressures decreased significantly at 20, 30, and 40 min in Group D. Dose of dobutamine and/or phenylephrine was similar between groups. Sedation, induction, and recovery scores were similar. Induction scores were good to excellent [both groups: 0.5 (0, 2); median (range)]. In conclusion, guaifenesin and diazepam at the doses used in this study produced similar effects on arterial blood pressure and on the quality of induction and recovery. L’objectif de cette étude prospective croisée alternée était de comparer la qualité de l’induction et du réveil anesthésiques, ainsi que la fonction cardiopulmonaire, chez des chevaux ayant reçu de la guaïfénésine ou du diazépam en co-induction. Six chevaux sains ont été anesthésiés à 2 reprises pour une IRM et des biopsies chirurgicales, à 5 semaines d’intervalle. Les chevaux ont été sédatés par voie intraveineuse (IV) avec de la xylazine (0,6 mg/kg de poids corporel [PC]), et l’induction IV a débuté 4 min plus tard. Le groupe G a reçu de la guaïfénésine (100 mg/kg de PC) en 2 min et de la kétamine (2 mg/kg de PC) 1 à 2 min après le début de l’administration de la guaïfénésine. Le groupe D a reçu du diazépam (0,1 mg/kg de PC) en 5 sec et de la kétamine (2 mg/kg de PC) 0,5 à 1 min après. La qualité de l’induction a ensuite été évaluée. Les chevaux ont été placés sur une table compatible avec l’IRM, intubés, puis laissés respirer spontanément pendant les 10 premières min. Ils ont ensuite été connectés à un circuit de réinspiration et à un appareil d’anesthésie, puis ventilés mécaniquement sous anesthésie [isoflurane en fin d’expiration (F′Isoflurane) : 1,3 % à 1,5 %] pendant l’examen IRM. La pression artérielle, la fréquence cardiaque, le CO en fin d’expiration (P′CO) et la F′Isoflurane ont été enregistrés 10, 20, 30 et 40 min après l’induction. Les besoins en dobutamine et/ou en phényléphrine pour le maintien de la pression artérielle ont été notés. Une analyse de variance à 2 facteurs (ANOVA) a été utilisée pour comparer la pression artérielle et un test de Wilcoxon pour échantillons appariés pour comparer les scores de sédation, d’induction et de réveil (seuil de signification : < 0,05). Les pressions artérielles n’ont pas présenté de différence significative entre les groupes. Cependant, les pressions artérielles systolique ( = 0,004), diastolique ( < 0,0001) et moyenne ( = 0,004) ont diminué significativement à 20, 30 et 40 minutes dans le groupe D. Les doses de dobutamine et/ou de phényléphrine étaient similaires entre les groupes. Les scores de sédation, d’induction et de réveil étaient comparables. Les scores d’induction étaient bons à excellents [dans les deux groupes : 0,5 (0, 2); médiane (étendue)]. En conclusion, la guaïfénésine et le diazépam, aux doses utilisées dans cette étude, ont produit des effets similaires sur la pression artérielle et sur la qualité de l’induction et du réveil.(Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier).
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Overview
This study compared the effects of two co-induction drugs, guaifenesin and diazepam, on arterial blood pressure and the quality of anesthesia induction and recovery in horses undergoing MRI and surgical biopsies under isoflurane anesthesia.
Researchers evaluated cardiopulmonary function and anesthesia quality parameters in six healthy horses anesthetized twice in a crossover design to assess differences between these drug protocols.
Study Design and Methods
Subjects: Six healthy horses participated in a prospective alternating crossover study, anesthetized twice with a 5-week gap between treatments.
Anesthesia Protocol:
Initial sedation: Intravenous administration of xylazine (0.6 mg/kg body weight).
Induction started 4 minutes after sedation.
Group G (Guaifenesin group): Received guaifenesin (100 mg/kg) administered over 2 minutes, followed by ketamine (2 mg/kg) 1-2 minutes after starting guaifenesin.
Group D (Diazepam group): Received diazepam (0.1 mg/kg) within 5 seconds, followed by ketamine (2 mg/kg) 0.5-1 minute later.
Post-induction setup:
Horses were positioned on an MRI-compatible table and intubated.
Spontaneous breathing was allowed for the first 10 minutes.
Thereafter, horses were connected to a rebreathing circuit and mechanical ventilation under maintenance anesthesia with isoflurane (end-tidal concentration 1.3-1.5%).
Monitoring: Direct arterial blood pressure, heart rate, end-tidal CO2, and isoflurane concentration were recorded at 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes post-induction.
Support Medications: Dobutamine and/or phenylephrine doses administered to support arterial blood pressure were recorded.
Data Analysis
Statistical tests:
Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparing arterial blood pressure measurements between groups and over time.
Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test was applied to compare sedation, induction, and recovery quality scores.
Statistical significance threshold was set at p < 0.05.
Key Findings
Arterial blood pressure:
No significant difference in arterial pressures between the guaifenesin (Group G) and diazepam (Group D) groups overall.
Group D showed a significant decrease in systolic (p = 0.004), diastolic (p < 0.0001), and mean (p = 0.004) arterial pressures at 20, 30, and 40 minutes post-induction compared to earlier measurements.
Dose requirements for dobutamine and/or phenylephrine to maintain blood pressure were similar between groups.
Quality of sedation and anesthesia:
Sedation, induction, and recovery quality scores did not differ significantly between groups.
Induction quality was rated from good to excellent in both groups, with median scores of 0.5 (range 0 to 2).
Conclusions
Both guaifenesin and diazepam, at the doses used, provided similar effects on arterial blood pressure during anesthesia in horses.
The quality of induction and recovery was comparable between the two co-induction protocols, indicating that either drug can be effectively used in combination with xylazine, ketamine, and isoflurane anesthesia in horses.
There may be some decline in arterial pressures over time with diazepam co-induction, but this did not translate into increased need for blood pressure support drugs compared to guaifenesin.
Implications
Veterinarians can consider using either guaifenesin or diazepam for co-induction in equine anesthesia without compromising cardiopulmonary stability or anesthesia quality.
This provides flexibility in anesthesia protocols, potentially influenced by drug availability, cost, or individual horse response.
The study’s crossover design strengthens confidence that observed effects are due to the co-induction drug rather than individual variability.
Cite This Article
APA
Valverde A, Moreira T, Torrent-Crosa A, Daw A, Koenig JB.
(2026).
Comparison of arterial blood pressure and quality of induction and recovery in horses anesthetized with diazepam or guaifenesin co-induction combined with xylazine and ketamine and maintained on isoflurane.
Can J Vet Res, 90(4), 145-155.