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Frontiers in veterinary science2022; 9; 895268; doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.895268

Comparison of Effects of an Endotracheal Tube or Facemask on Breathing Pattern and Distribution of Ventilation in Anesthetized Horses.

Abstract: Equine respiratory physiology might be influenced by the presence of an endotracheal tube (ETT). This experimental, randomized cross-over study aimed to compare breathing pattern (BrP) and ventilation distribution in anesthetized horses spontaneously breathing room air via ETT or facemask (MASK). Six healthy adult horses were anesthetized with total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA; xylazine, ketamine, guaiphenesin), breathing spontaneously in right lateral recumbency, and randomly assigned to ETT or MASK for 30 min, followed by the other treatment for an additional 30 min. During a second anesthesia 1 month later, the treatment order was inversed. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) using a thoracic electrode belt, spirometry, volumetric capnography, esophageal pressure difference (ΔPoes), venous admixture, and laryngoscopy data were recorded over 2 min every 15 min. Breaths were classified as normal or alternate (sigh or ) according to the EIT impedance curve. A mixed linear model was used to test the effect of treatment on continuous outcomes. Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel analysis was used to test for associations between global BrP and treatment. Global BrP was associated with treatment ( = 0.012) with more alternate breaths during ETT. The center of ventilation right-to-left (CoV) showed more ventilation in the non-dependent lung during ETT ( = 0.025). The I:E ratio ( = 0.017) and ΔPoes ( < 0.001) were smaller, and peak expiratory flow ( = 0.009) and physiologic dead space ( = 0.034) were larger with ETT. The presence of an ETT alters BrP and shifts ventilation toward the non-dependent lung in spontaneously breathing horses anesthetized with TIVA.
Copyright © 2022 Moreno-Martinez, Byrne, Raisis, Waldmann, Hosgood and Mosing.
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Publication Date: 2022-06-09 PubMed ID: 35836499PubMed Central: PMC9275410DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.895268Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research aimed to compare how an endotracheal tube (ETT) and a facemask influence breathing patterns and ventilation distribution in anesthetized horses. The study found that an ETT alters breathing patterns and shifts ventilation towards the non-dependent lung in spontaneously breathing horses anesthetized with total intravenous anesthesia.

Methods and Procedures

  • The participants in this experimental, randomized cross-over study were six healthy adult horses.
  • Horses were anesthetized using total intravenous anesthesia (xylazine, ketamine, guaiphenesin), resulting in spontaneous breathing.
  • After being put into a right lateral recumbency position, each horse was randomly assigned to use an ETT or MASK for 30 minutes. This procedure was followed by using the other treatment for an additional 30 minutes.
  • To reverse the treatment order, a second anesthesia was performed a month later.
  • Parameters such as electrical impedance tomography (EIT) through a thoracic electrode belt, spirometry, volumetric capnography, esophageal pressure difference (ΔPoes), venous admixture, and laryngoscopy data were recorded over 2-minute intervals every 15 minutes.
  • By examining the EIT impedance curve, breaths were classified as normal or alternate (sigh or ).
  • Statistical techniques including a mixed linear model, and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel analysis were used to analyze the effect of treatment on continuous outcomes and the association between breath patterns and treatment.

Results and Findings

  • The study found that the method of ventilation (ETT or MASK) significantly impacted the horse’s breathing pattern. (p=0.012)
  • More alternate breaths were on record during ETT, revealing a variation in the breathing pattern.
  • ETT also had a notable effect on the distribution of ventilation. The center of ventilation right-to-left (CoV) showed more ventilation concentrating in the non-dependent lung during ETT. (p=0.025)
  • Indices of mechanical ventilation also varied: The I:E ratio (p=0.017) and ΔPoes (p<0.001) were smaller, and peak expiratory flow (p=0.009) and physiological dead space (p=0.034) turned out to be larger with ETT when compared to the facemask.

Conclusion

  • The research concluded that the application of an endotracheal tube significantly alters the breathing pattern and shifts ventilation towards the non-dependent lung in spontaneously breathing horses under total intravenous anesthesia.
  • This infers that the choice of mechanical ventilation technique can have critical implications for respiratory physiology in anesthetized horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Moreno-Martinez F, Byrne D, Raisis A, Waldmann AD, Hosgood G, Mosing M. (2022). Comparison of Effects of an Endotracheal Tube or Facemask on Breathing Pattern and Distribution of Ventilation in Anesthetized Horses. Front Vet Sci, 9, 895268. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.895268

Publication

Frontiers in veterinary science
ISSN: 2297-1769
NlmUniqueID: 101666658
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 9
Pages: 895268
PII: 895268

Researcher Affiliations

Moreno-Martinez, Fernando
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
Byrne, David
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
Raisis, Anthea
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
Waldmann, Andreas D
  • Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany.
Hosgood, Giselle
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
Mosing, Martina
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 3 times.
  1. Raisis A, Mosing M, Sacks M, Hosgood G, Schramel J, Blumer S, Böhm SH. Breath-by-breath assessment of acute pulmonary edema using electrical impedance tomography, spirometry and volumetric capnography in a sheep (Ovis Aries) model. Front Vet Sci 2024;11:1402748.
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  2. Wong AM, Lum HY, Musk GC, Hyndman TH, Waldmann AD, Monks DJ, Bowden RS, Mosing M. Electrical impedance tomography in anaesthetised chickens (Gallus domesticus). Front Vet Sci 2024;11:1202931.
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  3. Byrne DP, Keeshan B, Hosgood G, Adler A, Mosing M. Comparison of electrical impedance tomography and spirometry-based measures of airflow in healthy adult horses. Front Physiol 2023;14:1164646.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1164646pubmed: 37476683google scholar: lookup
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