FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Front Vet Sci / Comparison of Shifts in Skeletal Muscle Plasticity Parameter...
Frontiers in veterinary science2021; 8; 718866; doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.718866

Comparison of Shifts in Skeletal Muscle Plasticity Parameters in Horses in Three Different Muscles, in Answer to 8 Weeks of Harness Training.

Abstract: Training-induced follow-up of multiple muscle plasticity parameters in postural stability vs. locomotion muscles provides an integrative physiological view on shifts in the muscular metabolic machinery. It can be expected that not all muscle plasticity parameters show the same expression time profile across muscles. This knowledge is important to underpin results of metabolomic studies. Twelve non-competing Standardbred mares were subjected to standardized harness training. Muscle biopsies were taken on a non-training day before and after 8 weeks. Shifts in muscle fiber type composition and muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) were compared in the m. pectoralis, the m. vastus lateralis, and the m. semitendinosus. In the m. vastus lateralis, which showed most pronounced training-induced plasticity, two additional muscle plasticity parameters (capillarization and mitochondrial density) were assessed. In the m. semitendinosus, additionally the mean minimum Feret's diameter was assessed. There was a significant difference in baseline profiles. The m. semitendinosus contained less type I and more type IIX fibers compatible with the most pronounced anaerobic profile. Though no baseline fiber type-specific and overall mean CSA differences could be detected, there was a clear post-training decrease in fiber type specific CSA, most pronounced for the m. vastus lateralis, and this was accompanied by a clear increase in capillary supply. No shifts in mitochondrial density were detected. The m. semitendinosus showed a decrease in fiber type specific CSA of type IIAX fibers and a decrease of type I fiber Feret's diameter as well as mean minimum Feret's diameter. The training-induced increased capillary supply in conjunction with a significant decrease in muscle fiber CSA suggests that the muscular machinery models itself toward an optimal smaller individual muscle fiber structure to receive and process fuels that can be swiftly delivered by the circulatory system. These results are interesting in view of the recently identified important fuel candidates such as branched-chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids, and gut microbiome-related xenobiotics, which need a rapid gut-muscle gateway to reach these fibers and are less challenging for the mitochondrial system. More research is needed with that respect. Results also show important differences between muscle groups with respect to baseline and training-specific modulation.
Copyright © 2021 de Meeûs d'Argenteuil, Boshuizen, Vidal Moreno de Vega, Leybaert, de Maré, Goethals, De Spiegelaere, Oosterlinck and Delesalle.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-10-18 PubMed ID: 34733900PubMed Central: PMC8558477DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.718866Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research examines the changes in muscular characteristics of horses exposed to 8 weeks of standardized harness training, focusing on three different muscles.

Research Overview

The researchers assess shifts in muscle plasticity parameters in horses following standardized harness training, in order to gain a better understanding of training-induced changes in muscular metabolic machinery. The shifts in muscle fiber type composition and muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) in three different muscle groups were analysed, namely: m. pectoralis, m. vastus lateralis, and m. semitendinosus.

Methodology

  • Twelve non-competing Standardbred mares were put through a regimented harness training program for 8 weeks.
  • Muscle biopsies were taken on a non-training day before the training started and after the 8-week session.
  • The muscle fiber type composition and CSA of m. pectoralis, m. vastus lateralis, and m. semitendinosus muscles were compared.
  • Additional muscle plasticity parameters (capillarization and mitochondrial density) were assessed in the m. vastus lateralis, while the mean minimum Feret’s diameter was assessed in the m. semitendinosus.

Findings

  • The m. semitendinosus muscles had a significantly different baseline profile from the other muscles with fewer type I fibers and more type IIX fibers, which is more in line with an anaerobic profile.
  • Post-training, a reduction in fiber type-specific CSA was observed in all muscles, most notably in the m. vastus lateralis. This reduction was accompanied by an increase in the muscle’s capillary supply.
  • No significant changes were noted in the mitochondrial density of the muscles.
  • The m. semitendinosus muscles showed a decrease in type IIAX fiber-specific CSA as well as a reduction in type I fiber and mean minimum Feret’s diameter.
  • The observed increase in capillary supply and decrease in muscle fiber CSA suggest the muscular system adapts to optimize the fuel intake and processing potential of individual muscle fibers.

Implications and Future Directions

  • This research indicates the potential importance of fuel candidates such as branched-chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids, and gut microbiome-related xenobiotics for muscular function.
  • The findings underscore the need for further research on the effects of training on different muscle groups and how muscular adjustments to training could have implications for understanding metabolic processes.
  • The study also highlights the variability between muscle groups with respect to their baseline characteristics and how they respond to specific training regimens.

Cite This Article

APA
de Meeûs d'Argenteuil C, Boshuizen B, Vidal Moreno de Vega C, Leybaert L, de Maré L, Goethals K, De Spiegelaere W, Oosterlinck M, Delesalle C. (2021). Comparison of Shifts in Skeletal Muscle Plasticity Parameters in Horses in Three Different Muscles, in Answer to 8 Weeks of Harness Training. Front Vet Sci, 8, 718866. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.718866

Publication

Frontiers in veterinary science
ISSN: 2297-1769
NlmUniqueID: 101666658
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 8
Pages: 718866
PII: 718866

Researcher Affiliations

de Meeûs d'Argenteuil, Constance
  • Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
Boshuizen, Berit
  • Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
  • Wolvega Equine Hospital, Oldeholtpade, Netherlands.
Vidal Moreno de Vega, Carmen
  • Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
Leybaert, Luc
  • Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
de Maré, Lorie
  • Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
Goethals, Klara
  • Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group Biometrics, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
De Spiegelaere, Ward
  • Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
Oosterlinck, Maarten
  • Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
Delesalle, Cathérine
  • Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 104 references
  1. Flück M. Functional, structural and molecular plasticity of mammalian skeletal muscle in response to exercise stimuli.. J Exp Biol 2006 Jun;209(Pt 12):2239-48.
    doi: 10.1242/jeb.02149pubmed: 16731801google scholar: lookup
  2. Flück M, Hoppeler H. Molecular basis of skeletal muscle plasticity--from gene to form and function.. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2003;146:159-216.
    doi: 10.1007/s10254-002-0004-7pubmed: 12605307google scholar: lookup
  3. Brook MS, Wilkinson DJ, Phillips BE, Perez-Schindler J, Philp A, Smith K, Atherton PJ. Skeletal muscle homeostasis and plasticity in youth and ageing: impact of nutrition and exercise.. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2016 Jan;216(1):15-41.
    doi: 10.1111/apha.12532pmc: PMC4843955pubmed: 26010896google scholar: lookup
  4. Tyler CM, Golland LC, Evans DL, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ. Skeletal muscle adaptations to prolonged training, overtraining and detraining in horses.. Pflugers Arch 1998 Aug;436(3):391-7.
    doi: 10.1007/s004240050648pubmed: 9644221google scholar: lookup
  5. Hodgson DR, Rose RJ. Effects of a nine-month endurance training programme on muscle composition in the horse.. Vet Rec 1987 Sep 19;121(12):271-4.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.121.12.271pubmed: 3672837google scholar: lookup
  6. Karlström K, Lindholm A, Collinder E, Essén-Gustavsson B. Muscle fibre type composition in young and racing Swedish cold-blooded trotters. Comp Exerc Physiol (2009) 6:27–32.
    doi: 10.1017/S1478061509356145google scholar: lookup
  7. Revold T, Mykkänen AK, Karlström K, Ihler CF, Pösö AR, Essén-Gustavsson B. Effects of training on equine muscle fibres and monocarboxylate transporters in young Coldblooded Trotters.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2010 Nov;(38):289-95.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00274.xpubmed: 21059020google scholar: lookup
  8. Medler S. Mixing it up: the biological significance of hybrid skeletal muscle fibers.. J Exp Biol 2019 Nov 29;222(Pt 23).
    doi: 10.1242/jeb.200832pubmed: 31784473google scholar: lookup
  9. Rivero JL, Hill EW. Skeletal muscle adaptations and muscle genomics of performance horses.. Vet J 2016 Mar;209:5-13.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.11.019pubmed: 26831154google scholar: lookup
  10. Barlow DA, Lloyd JM, Hellhake P, Seder JA. Equine muscle fiber types: A histological and histochemical analysis of select thoroughbred yearlings. J Equine Vet Sci (1984) 4:60–6.
    doi: 10.1016/S0737-0806(84)80083-0google scholar: lookup
  11. Simoneau JA, Bouchard C. Human variation in skeletal muscle fiber-type proportion and enzyme activities.. Am J Physiol 1989 Oct;257(4 Pt 1):E567-72.
    doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1989.257.4.e567pubmed: 2529775google scholar: lookup
  12. Zierath JR, Hawley JA. Skeletal muscle fiber type: influence on contractile and metabolic properties.. PLoS Biol 2004 Oct;2(10):e348.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020348pmc: PMC521732pubmed: 15486583google scholar: lookup
  13. Baldwin KM, Haddad F. Effects of different activity and inactivity paradigms on myosin heavy chain gene expression in striated muscle.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2001 Jan;90(1):345-57.
    doi: 10.1152/jappl.2001.90.1.345pubmed: 11133928google scholar: lookup
  14. Acevedo LM, Rivero JL. New insights into skeletal muscle fibre types in the dog with particular focus towards hybrid myosin phenotypes.. Cell Tissue Res 2006 Feb;323(2):283-303.
    doi: 10.1007/s00441-005-0057-4pubmed: 16163488google scholar: lookup
  15. Methenitis S, Karandreas N, Spengos K, Zaras N, Stasinaki AN, Terzis G. Muscle Fiber Conduction Velocity, Muscle Fiber Composition, and Power Performance.. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016 Sep;48(9):1761-71.
    doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000954pubmed: 27128672google scholar: lookup
  16. Rivero JL, Serrano AL, Henckel P, Agüera E. Muscle fiber type composition and fiber size in successfully and unsuccessfully endurance-raced horses.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1993 Oct;75(4):1758-66.
    doi: 10.1152/jappl.1993.75.4.1758pubmed: 8282629google scholar: lookup
  17. Herman JR, Rana SR, Chleboun GS, Gilders RM, Hageman FC, Hikida RS. Correlation between muscle fiber cross-sectional area and strength gain using three different resistance-training programs in college-aged women. J Strength Cond Res (2010) 24.
    doi: 10.1097/01.JSC.0000367128.04768.0agoogle scholar: lookup
  18. Lefaucheur L, Lebret B, Ecolan P, Louveau I, Damon M, Prunier A, Billon Y, Sellier P, Gilbert H. Muscle characteristics and meat quality traits are affected by divergent selection on residual feed intake in pigs.. J Anim Sci 2011 Apr;89(4):996-1010.
    doi: 10.2527/jas.2010-3493pubmed: 21148787google scholar: lookup
  19. Votion D-M, Navet R, Lacombe VA, Sluse F, Essén-Gustavsson B, Hinchcliff KW. Muscle energetics in exercising horses. Equine Comp Exerc Physiol (2007) 4:105–118.
    doi: 10.1017/S1478061507853667google scholar: lookup
  20. Palencia P, Quiroz-Rothe E, Rivero JL. New insights into the skeletal muscle phenotype of equine motor neuron disease: a quantitative approach.. Acta Neuropathol 2005 Mar;109(3):272-84.
    doi: 10.1007/s00401-004-0940-1pubmed: 15616793google scholar: lookup
  21. Kinsey ST, Locke BR, Dillaman RM. Molecules in motion: influences of diffusion on metabolic structure and function in skeletal muscle.. J Exp Biol 2011 Jan 15;214(Pt 2):263-74.
    doi: 10.1242/jeb.047985pmc: PMC3008633pubmed: 21177946google scholar: lookup
  22. Boshuizen B, De meeûs C, van de Winkel D, van Hauwe L, de Bruijn M, Touwen N. The effect of treadmill training on equine muscle morphometrics and muscle metabolomics. Comp Exerc Physiol (2018) 14:4.
  23. Lindner A, Dag Erginsoy S, Kissenbeck S, Mosen H, Hetzel U, Drommer W, Chamizo VE, Rivero JL. Effect of different blood-guided conditioning programmes on skeletal muscle ultrastructure and histochemistry of sport horses.. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013 Apr;97(2):374-86.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01283.xpubmed: 22404305google scholar: lookup
  24. Karlström K, Essén-Gustavsson B, Lindholm A, Persson SGB. Capillary supply in relation to muscle metabolic profile and cardiocirculatory parameters. Equine Exerc Physiol (1991) 3:239–244.
  25. McCall GE, Byrnes WC, Dickinson A, Pattany PM, Fleck SJ. Muscle fiber hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and capillary density in college men after resistance training.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1996 Nov;81(5):2004-12.
    doi: 10.1152/jappl.1996.81.5.2004pubmed: 8941522google scholar: lookup
  26. Andersen P, Henriksson J. Capillary supply of the quadriceps femoris muscle of man: adaptive response to exercise.. J Physiol 1977 Sep;270(3):677-90.
    doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1977.sp011975pmc: PMC1353538pubmed: 198532google scholar: lookup
  27. Ingjer F. Capillary supply and mitochondrial content of different skeletal muscle fiber types in untrained and endurance-trained men. A histochemical and ultrastructural study.. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1979 Feb 15;40(3):197-209.
    doi: 10.1007/BF00426942pubmed: 421683google scholar: lookup
  28. Hoier B, Hellsten Y. Exercise-induced capillary growth in human skeletal muscle and the dynamics of VEGF.. Microcirculation 2014 May;21(4):301-14.
    doi: 10.1111/micc.12117pubmed: 24450403google scholar: lookup
  29. Chanda M, Srikuea R, Cherdchutam W, Chairoungdua A, Piyachaturawat P. Modulating effects of exercise training regimen on skeletal muscle properties in female polo ponies.. BMC Vet Res 2016 Nov 4;12(1):245.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-016-0874-6pmc: PMC5095958pubmed: 27809906google scholar: lookup
  30. Rietbroek NJ, Dingboom EG, Schuurman SO, Hengeveld-van der Wiel E, Eizema K, Everts ME. Effect of exercise on development of capillary supply and oxidative capacity in skeletal muscle of horses.. Am J Vet Res 2007 Nov;68(11):1226-31.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.68.11.1226pubmed: 17975978google scholar: lookup
  31. Rivero JL, Ruz A, Martí-Korff S, Estepa JC, Aguilera-Tejero E, Werkman J, Sobotta M, Lindner A. Effects of intensity and duration of exercise on muscular responses to training of thoroughbred racehorses.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007 May;102(5):1871-82.
    doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01093.2006pubmed: 17255370google scholar: lookup
  32. Egan B, Zierath JR. Exercise metabolism and the molecular regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation.. Cell Metab 2013 Feb 5;17(2):162-84.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.012pubmed: 23395166google scholar: lookup
  33. Tonkonogi M, Sahlin K. Physical exercise and mitochondrial function in human skeletal muscle.. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2002 Jul;30(3):129-37.
    doi: 10.1097/00003677-200207000-00007pubmed: 12150572google scholar: lookup
  34. Granata C, Jamnick NA, Bishop DJ. Training-Induced Changes in Mitochondrial Content and Respiratory Function in Human Skeletal Muscle.. Sports Med 2018 Aug;48(8):1809-1828.
    doi: 10.1007/s40279-018-0936-ypubmed: 29934848google scholar: lookup
  35. Jacobs RA, Flück D, Bonne TC, Bürgi S, Christensen PM, Toigo M, Lundby C. Improvements in exercise performance with high-intensity interval training coincide with an increase in skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and function.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013 Sep;115(6):785-93.
    doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00445.2013pubmed: 23788574google scholar: lookup
  36. Menshikova EV, Ritov VB, Fairfull L, Ferrell RE, Kelley DE, Goodpaster BH. Effects of exercise on mitochondrial content and function in aging human skeletal muscle.. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006 Jun;61(6):534-40.
    doi: 10.1093/gerona/61.6.534pmc: PMC1540458pubmed: 16799133google scholar: lookup
  37. Phielix E, Meex R, Moonen-Kornips E, Hesselink MK, Schrauwen P. Exercise training increases mitochondrial content and ex vivo mitochondrial function similarly in patients with type 2 diabetes and in control individuals.. Diabetologia 2010 Aug;53(8):1714-21.
    doi: 10.1007/s00125-010-1764-2pmc: PMC2892060pubmed: 20422397google scholar: lookup
  38. Hoppeler H, Howald H, Conley K, Lindstedt SL, Claassen H, Vock P, Weibel ER. Endurance training in humans: aerobic capacity and structure of skeletal muscle.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1985 Aug;59(2):320-7.
    doi: 10.1152/jappl.1985.59.2.320pubmed: 4030584google scholar: lookup
  39. Hey-Mogensen M, Højlund K, Vind BF, Wang L, Dela F, Beck-Nielsen H, Fernström M, Sahlin K. Effect of physical training on mitochondrial respiration and reactive oxygen species release in skeletal muscle in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes.. Diabetologia 2010 Sep;53(9):1976-85.
    doi: 10.1007/s00125-010-1813-xpubmed: 20526759google scholar: lookup
  40. Klein DJ, McKeever KH, Mirek ET, Anthony TG. Metabolomic Response of Equine Skeletal Muscle to Acute Fatiguing Exercise and Training.. Front Physiol 2020;11:110.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00110pmc: PMC7040365pubmed: 32132934google scholar: lookup
  41. Kühlbrandt W, Fox T D, Kenyon C, Larsson N-G, Nunnari J, O'Farrel P. Chapter 14 energy conversion: mitochondria and chloroplasts. Molecular Biology of the Cell 6th ed. Abingdom: Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC; (2015). p. 753–811.
  42. Harwig MC, Viana MP, Egner JM, Harwig JJ, Widlansky ME, Rafelski SM, Hill RB. Methods for imaging mammalian mitochondrial morphology: A prospective on MitoGraph.. Anal Biochem 2018 Jul 1;552:81-99.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.02.022pmc: PMC6322684pubmed: 29505779google scholar: lookup
  43. Skulachev VP. Mitochondrial filaments and clusters as intracellular power-transmitting cables.. Trends Biochem Sci 2001 Jan;26(1):23-9.
    doi: 10.1016/S0968-0004(00)01735-7pubmed: 11165513google scholar: lookup
  44. Chilibeck PD, Syrotuik DG, Bell GJ. The effect of strength training on estimates of mitochondrial density and distribution throughout muscle fibres.. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1999 Nov-Dec;80(6):604-9.
    doi: 10.1007/s004210050641pubmed: 10541929google scholar: lookup
  45. Hawley JA. Adaptations of skeletal muscle to prolonged, intense endurance training.. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2002 Mar;29(3):218-22.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1681.2002.03623.xpubmed: 11906487google scholar: lookup
  46. White SH, Warren LK, Li C, Wohlgemuth SE. Submaximal exercise training improves mitochondrial efficiency in the gluteus medius but not in the triceps brachii of young equine athletes.. Sci Rep 2017 Oct 30;7(1):14389.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14691-4pmc: PMC5662757pubmed: 29085004google scholar: lookup
  47. Geor RJ, McCutcheon LJ, Shen H. Muscular and metabolic responses to moderate-intensity short-term training.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1999 Jul;(30):311-7.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05240.xpubmed: 10659274google scholar: lookup
  48. McCutcheon LJ, Byrd SK, Hodgson DR. Ultrastructural changes in skeletal muscle after fatiguing exercise.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1992 Mar;72(3):1111-7.
    doi: 10.1152/jappl.1992.72.3.1111pubmed: 1568966google scholar: lookup
  49. Kayar SR, Hoppeler H, Mermod L, Weibel ER. Mitochondrial size and shape in equine skeletal muscle: a three-dimensional reconstruction study.. Anat Rec 1988 Dec;222(4):333-9.
    doi: 10.1002/ar.1092220405pubmed: 3228204google scholar: lookup
  50. Prince FP, Hikida RS, Hagerman FC, Staron RS, Allen WH. A morphometric analysis of human muscle fibers with relation to fiber types and adaptations to exercise.. J Neurol Sci 1981 Feb;49(2):165-79.
    doi: 10.1016/0022-510X(81)90076-9pubmed: 7217980google scholar: lookup
  51. Axelrod CL, Fealy CE, Mulya A, Kirwan JP. Exercise training remodels human skeletal muscle mitochondrial fission and fusion machinery towards a pro-elongation phenotype.. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019 Apr;225(4):e13216.
    doi: 10.1111/apha.13216pmc: PMC6416060pubmed: 30408342google scholar: lookup
  52. White SH, Wohlgemuth S, Li C, Warren LK. Rapid Communication: Dietary selenium improves skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis in young equine athletes.. J Anim Sci 2017 Sep;95(9):4078-4084.
    doi: 10.2527/jas2017.1919pubmed: 28992020google scholar: lookup
  53. Desplanches D, Amami M, Dupré-Aucouturier S, Valdivieso P, Schmutz S, Mueller M, Hoppeler H, Kreis R, Flück M. Hypoxia refines plasticity of mitochondrial respiration to repeated muscle work.. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014 Feb;114(2):405-17.
    doi: 10.1007/s00421-013-2783-8pmc: PMC3895187pubmed: 24327174google scholar: lookup
  54. Votion DM, Fraipont A, Goachet AG, Robert C, van Erck E, Amory H, Ceusters J, de la Rebière de Pouyade G, Franck T, Mouithys-Mickalad A, Niesten A, Serteyn D. Alterations in mitochondrial respiratory function in response to endurance training and endurance racing.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2010 Nov;(38):268-74.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00271.xpubmed: 21059017google scholar: lookup
  55. Sewell DA, Harris RC, Marlin DJ. Skeletal muscle characteristics in 2 year-old race-trained thoroughbred horses.. Comp Biochem Physiol Comp Physiol 1994 May;108(1):87-96.
    doi: 10.1016/0300-9629(94)90059-0pubmed: 7915652google scholar: lookup
  56. Zsoldos RR, Voegele A, Krueger B, Schroeder U, Weber A, Licka TF. Long term consistency and location specificity of equine gluteus medius muscle activity during locomotion on the treadmill.. BMC Vet Res 2018 Apr 6;14(1):126.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1443-ypmc: PMC5889605pubmed: 29625573google scholar: lookup
  57. Latham CM, White SH. Validation of primary antibodies for multiple immunofluorescent labeling of horse skeletal muscle fiber type. J Anim Sci (2017) 95:53.
    doi: 10.2527/asasann.2017.107pubmed: 0google scholar: lookup
  58. Hodgson DR, Rose RJ, DiMauro J, Allen JR. Effects of a submaximal treadmill training programme on histochemical properties, enzyme activities and glycogen utilisation of skeletal muscle in the horse.. Equine Vet J 1985 Jul;17(4):300-5.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1985.tb02504.xpubmed: 4076145google scholar: lookup
  59. Henckel P. A histochemical assessment of the capillary blood supply of the middle gluteal muscle of Thoroughbred horses. Equine Exerc Physiol (1983) 225–8.
  60. Karlström K, Essén-Gustavsson B, Lindholm A. Fibre type distribution, capillarization and enzymatic profile of locomotor and nonlocomotor muscles of horses and steers.. Acta Anat (Basel) 1994;151(2):97-106.
    doi: 10.1159/000147649pubmed: 7701935google scholar: lookup
  61. Essén B, Lindholm A, Thornton J. Histochemical properties of muscle fibres types and enzyme activities in skeletal muscles of Standardbred trotters of different ages.. Equine Vet J 1980 Oct;12(4):175-80.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1980.tb03420.xpubmed: 6449365google scholar: lookup
  62. Dingboom EG, van Oudheusden H, Eizema K, Weijs WA. Changes in fibre type composition of gluteus medius and semitendinosus muscles of Dutch Warmblood foals and the effect of exercise during the first year postpartum.. Equine Vet J 2002 Mar;34(2):177-83.
    doi: 10.2746/042516402776767312pubmed: 11902760google scholar: lookup
  63. Grotmol S, Totland GK, Kryvi H, Breistøl A, Essén-Gustavsson B, Lindholm A. Spatial distribution of fiber types within skeletal muscle fascicles from Standardbred horses.. Anat Rec 2002 Oct 1;268(2):131-6.
    doi: 10.1002/ar.10140pubmed: 12221719google scholar: lookup
  64. Kawai M, Minami Y, Sayama Y, Kuwano A, Hiraga A, Miyata H. Muscle fiber population and biochemical properties of whole body muscles in Thoroughbred horses.. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009 Oct;292(10):1663-9.
    doi: 10.1002/ar.20961pubmed: 19728360google scholar: lookup
  65. Yamano S, Kawai M, Minami Y, Hiraga A, Miyata H. Differences in Muscle Fiber Recruitment Patterns between Continuous and Interval Exercises.. J Equine Sci 2010;21(4):59-65.
    doi: 10.1294/jes.21.59pmc: PMC4013969pubmed: 24833978google scholar: lookup
  66. Payne RC, Hutchinson JR, Robilliard JJ, Smith NC, Wilson AM. Functional specialisation of pelvic limb anatomy in horses (Equus caballus).. J Anat 2005 Jun;206(6):557-74.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00420.xpmc: PMC1571521pubmed: 15960766google scholar: lookup
  67. Bechtel PJ, Kline KH. Muscle fiber type changes in the middle gluteal of Quarter and Standardbred horses from birth through one year of age. In: Equine Exercise Physiology Proceedings of the First International Conference. (1983). p. 265–70.
  68. Ronéus M, Essén-Gustavsson B, Arnason T. Racing performance and longitudinal changes in muscle characteristics in standardbred trotters. J Equine Vet Sci (1993) 13:355–61.
    doi: 10.1016/S0737-0806(06)81124-Xgoogle scholar: lookup
  69. Phung LA, Foster AD, Miller MS, Lowe DA, Thomas DD. Super-relaxed state of myosin in human skeletal muscle is fiber-type dependent.. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020 Dec 1;319(6):C1158-C1162.
    doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00396.2020pmc: PMC7792673pubmed: 32997515google scholar: lookup
  70. Nederveen JP, Ibrahim G, Fortino SA, Snijders T, Kumbhare D, Parise G. Variability in skeletal muscle fibre characteristics during repeated muscle biopsy sampling in human vastus lateralis.. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020 Apr;45(4):368-375.
    doi: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0263pubmed: 32207991google scholar: lookup
  71. Jeon Y, Choi J, Kim HJ, Lee H, Lim JY, Choi SJ. Sex- and fiber-type-related contractile properties in human single muscle fiber.. J Exerc Rehabil 2019 Aug;15(4):537-545.
    doi: 10.12965/jer.1938336.168pmc: PMC6732543pubmed: 31523674google scholar: lookup
  72. Essén-Gustavsson B, Lindholm A. Muscle fibre characteristics of active and inactive standardbred horses.. Equine Vet J 1985 Nov;17(6):434-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1985.tb02549.xpubmed: 4076157google scholar: lookup
  73. de Meeûs d'Argenteuil C, Boshuizen B, Oosterlinck M, van de Winkel D, De Spiegelaere W, de Bruijn CM, Goethals K, Vanderperren K, Delesalle CJG. Flexibility of equine bioenergetics and muscle plasticity in response to different types of training: An integrative approach, questioning existing paradigms.. PLoS One 2021;16(4):e0249922.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249922pmc: PMC8043414pubmed: 33848308google scholar: lookup
  74. Robert C, Valette JP, Pourcelot P, Audigié F, Denoix JM. Effects of trotting speed on muscle activity and kinematics in saddlehorses.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2002 Sep;(34):295-301.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05436.xpubmed: 12405704google scholar: lookup
  75. De Meeus d'Argenteuil C, Boshuizen B, Van de Winkel D, Van Hauwe L, de Bruijn M, Touwen N. The effect of aquatraining and dry treadmill training on muscle morphometric and muscle metabolomics in horses. Equine Vet J Suppl (2018) 50:5–35.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.26_13008google scholar: lookup
  76. De meeûs C, Van de Winkel D, Boshuizen B, Loose D, de Bruijn M, Touwen N. Longitudinal follow-up of equine muscle morphometrics and associated metabolic properties induced by 8 weeks of treadmill training. In: Physiological Bioenergetics : Mitochondria From Bench to Bedside, 2nd American Physiological Society Conference.nSan Diego, CA, USA: American Physiologycal Society; (2017).
  77. De meeûs C, Boshuizen B, Van de Winkel D, Van Hauwe L, de Bruijn M, Touwen N. Longitudinal follow-up of equine muscle morphometrics and associated metabolic properties induced by 8 weeks of treadmill training. In: Abstracts European Veterinary Conference Voorjaarsdagen 2018.nThe Haghe, The Netherlands: European Veterinary Conference; (2018).
  78. Hodgson DR, Rose RJ, Dimauro J, Allen JR. Effects of training on muscle composition in horses.. Am J Vet Res 1986 Jan;47(1):12-5.
    pubmed: 3946889
  79. Pertl C, Eblenkamp M, Pertl A, Pfeifer S, Wintermantel E, Lochmüller H, Walter MC, Krause S, Thirion C. A new web-based method for automated analysis of muscle histology.. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2013 Jan 16;14:26.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-26pmc: PMC3560198pubmed: 23324401google scholar: lookup
  80. Briguet A, Courdier-Fruh I, Foster M, Meier T, Magyar JP. Histological parameters for the quantitative assessment of muscular dystrophy in the mdx-mouse.. Neuromuscul Disord 2004 Oct;14(10):675-82.
    doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2004.06.008pubmed: 15351425google scholar: lookup
  81. Birkbeck MG, Heskamp L, Schofield IS, Blamire AM, Whittaker RG. Non-invasive imaging of single human motor units.. Clin Neurophysiol 2020 Jun;131(6):1399-1406.
    doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.02.004pmc: PMC7208543pubmed: 32122767google scholar: lookup
  82. Sayed RK, de Leonardis EC, Guerrero-Martínez JA, Rahim I, Mokhtar DM, Saleh AM, Abdalla KE, Pozo MJ, Escames G, López LC, Acuña-Castroviejo D. Identification of morphological markers of sarcopenia at early stage of aging in skeletal muscle of mice.. Exp Gerontol 2016 Oct;83:22-30.
    doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.07.007pubmed: 27435496google scholar: lookup
  83. Mayeuf-Louchart A, Hardy D, Thorel Q, Roux P, Gueniot L, Briand D, Mazeraud A, Bouglé A, Shorte SL, Staels B, Chrétien F, Duez H, Danckaert A. MuscleJ: a high-content analysis method to study skeletal muscle with a new Fiji tool.. Skelet Muscle 2018 Aug 6;8(1):25.
    doi: 10.1186/s13395-018-0171-0pmc: PMC6091189pubmed: 30081940google scholar: lookup
  84. Lin CH, Hsu HC, Hou YJ, Chen KH, Lai SH, Chang WM. Relationship between sonography of sternocleidomastoid muscle and cervical passive range of motion in infants with congenital muscular torticollis.. Biomed J 2018 Dec;41(6):369-375.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bj.2018.10.001pmc: PMC6361856pubmed: 30709579google scholar: lookup
  85. Lau YS, Xu L, Gao Y, Han R. Automated muscle histopathology analysis using CellProfiler.. Skelet Muscle 2018 Oct 18;8(1):32.
    doi: 10.1186/s13395-018-0178-6pmc: PMC6193305pubmed: 30336774google scholar: lookup
  86. De Meulemeester K, Calders P, Van Dorpe J, De Pauw R, Petrovic M, Cagnie B. Morphological Differences in the Upper Trapezius Muscle Between Female Office Workers With and Without Trapezius Myalgia: Facts or Fiction?: A Cross-Sectional Study.. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2019 Feb;98(2):117-124.
    doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000001029pubmed: 30153122google scholar: lookup
  87. Reesink HL, Hermanson JW, Cheetham J, Mu L, Mitchell LM, Soderholm LV, Ducharme NG. Anatomic and neuromuscular characterisation of the equine cricothyroid muscle.. Equine Vet J 2013 Sep;45(5):630-6.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12023pubmed: 23346975google scholar: lookup
  88. Chalmers HJ, Caswell J, Perkins J, Goodwin D, Viel L, Ducharme NG, Piercy RJ. Ultrasonography detects early laryngeal muscle atrophy in an equine neurectomy model.. Muscle Nerve 2016 Apr;53(4):583-92.
    doi: 10.1002/mus.24785pubmed: 26227954google scholar: lookup
  89. Steel CM, Walmsley EA, Anderson GA, Coles CA, Ahern B, White JD. Immunohistochemical analysis of laryngeal muscle of horses clinically affected with recurrent laryngeal neuropathy.. Equine Vet J 2021 Jul;53(4):710-717.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13362pubmed: 33001503google scholar: lookup
  90. Wells GD, Selvadurai H, Tein I. Bioenergetic provision of energy for muscular activity.. Paediatr Respir Rev 2009 Sep;10(3):83-90.
    doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2009.04.005pubmed: 19651377google scholar: lookup
  91. Gavin TP. Basal and exercise-induced regulation of skeletal muscle capillarization.. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2009 Apr;37(2):86-92.
    doi: 10.1097/JES.0b013e31819c2e9bpmc: PMC3836628pubmed: 19305200google scholar: lookup
  92. Serrano AL, Quiroz-Rothe E, Rivero JL. Early and long-term changes of equine skeletal muscle in response to endurance training and detraining.. Pflugers Arch 2000 Dec;441(2-3):263-74.
    doi: 10.1007/s004240000408pubmed: 11211112google scholar: lookup
  93. Sullivan SM, Pittman RN. Relationship between mitochondrial volume density and capillarity in hamster muscles.. Am J Physiol 1987 Jan;252(1 Pt 2):H149-55.
    doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1987.252.1.H149pubmed: 3812707google scholar: lookup
  94. Shaw CS, Jones DA, Wagenmakers AJ. Network distribution of mitochondria and lipid droplets in human muscle fibres.. Histochem Cell Biol 2008 Jan;129(1):65-72.
    doi: 10.1007/s00418-007-0349-8pubmed: 17938948google scholar: lookup
  95. van Wessel T, de Haan A, van der Laarse WJ, Jaspers RT. The muscle fiber type-fiber size paradox: hypertrophy or oxidative metabolism?. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010 Nov;110(4):665-94.
    doi: 10.1007/s00421-010-1545-0pmc: PMC2957584pubmed: 20602111google scholar: lookup
  96. Perry CG, Lally J, Holloway GP, Heigenhauser GJ, Bonen A, Spriet LL. Repeated transient mRNA bursts precede increases in transcriptional and mitochondrial proteins during training in human skeletal muscle.. J Physiol 2010 Dec 1;588(Pt 23):4795-810.
    doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.199448pmc: PMC3010147pubmed: 20921196google scholar: lookup
  97. Sriwijitkamol A, Ivy JL, Christ-Roberts C, DeFronzo RA, Mandarino LJ, Musi N. LKB1-AMPK signaling in muscle from obese insulin-resistant Zucker rats and effects of training.. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006 May;290(5):E925-32.
    doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00429.2005pubmed: 16352671google scholar: lookup
  98. Mach N, Moroldo M, Rau A, Lecardonnel J, Le Moyec L, Robert C, Barrey E. Understanding the Holobiont: Crosstalk Between Gut Microbiota and Mitochondria During Long Exercise in Horse.. Front Mol Biosci 2021;8:656204.
    doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.656204pmc: PMC8063112pubmed: 33898524google scholar: lookup
  99. Lahiri S, Kim H, Garcia-Perez I, Reza MM, Martin KA, Kundu P, Cox LM, Selkrig J, Posma JM, Zhang H, Padmanabhan P, Moret C, Gulyás B, Blaser MJ, Auwerx J, Holmes E, Nicholson J, Wahli W, Pettersson S. The gut microbiota influences skeletal muscle mass and function in mice.. Sci Transl Med 2019 Jul 24;11(502).
    doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan5662pmc: PMC7501733pubmed: 31341063google scholar: lookup
  100. Lustgarten MS. The Role of the Gut Microbiome on Skeletal Muscle Mass and Physical Function: 2019 Update.. Front Physiol 2019;10:1435.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01435pmc: PMC6933299pubmed: 31911785google scholar: lookup
  101. Mach N, Ramayo-Caldas Y, Clark A, Moroldo M, Robert C, Barrey E, López JM, Le Moyec L. Understanding the response to endurance exercise using a systems biology approach: combining blood metabolomics, transcriptomics and miRNomics in horses.. BMC Genomics 2017 Feb 17;18(1):187.
    doi: 10.1186/s12864-017-3571-3pmc: PMC5316211pubmed: 28212624google scholar: lookup
  102. Plancade S, Clark A, Philippe C, Helbling JC, Moisan MP, Esquerré D, Le Moyec L, Robert C, Barrey E, Mach N. Unraveling the effects of the gut microbiota composition and function on horse endurance physiology.. Sci Rep 2019 Jul 3;9(1):9620.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46118-7pmc: PMC6610142pubmed: 31270376google scholar: lookup
  103. Le Moyec L, Robert C, Triba MN, Bouchemal N, Mach N, Rivière J, Zalachas-Rebours E, Barrey E. A First Step Toward Unraveling the Energy Metabolism in Endurance Horses: Comparison of Plasma Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomic Profiles Before and After Different Endurance Race Distances.. Front Mol Biosci 2019;6:45.
    doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00045pmc: PMC6581711pubmed: 31245385google scholar: lookup
  104. R Development Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. (2019).

Citations

This article has been cited 6 times.
  1. Meng S, Zhang Y, Lv S, Zhang Z, Liu X, Jiang L. Comparison of muscle metabolomics between two Chinese horse breeds. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1162953.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1162953pubmed: 37215482google scholar: lookup
  2. Reemtsma FP, Giers J, Horstmann S, Stoeckle SD, Gehlen H. Evaluation of Concentration Changes in Plasma Amino Acids and Their Metabolites in Eventing Horses During Cross-Country Competitions as Potential Performance Predictors. Animals (Basel) 2025 Dec 17;15(24).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15243640pubmed: 41463924google scholar: lookup
  3. James C, Lloyd EM, Arthur PG. The Level of Thiol-Oxidised Plasma Albumin Is Elevated Following a Race in Australian Thoroughbred Horses. Vet Med Sci 2025 Jul;11(4):e70487.
    doi: 10.1002/vms3.70487pubmed: 40644475google scholar: lookup
  4. Vidal Moreno de Vega C, de Meeûs d'Argenteuil C, Boshuizen B, De Mare L, Gansemans Y, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Deforce D, Goethals K, De Spiegelaere W, Leybaert L, Verdegaal EJMM, Delesalle C. Baselining physiological parameters in three muscles across three equine breeds. What can we learn from the horse?. Front Physiol 2024;15:1291151.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1291151pubmed: 38384798google scholar: lookup
  5. Johansson L, Ringmark S, Bergquist J, Skiöldebrand E, Jansson A. A metabolomics perspective on 2 years of high-intensity training in horses. Sci Rep 2024 Jan 25;14(1):2139.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-52188-zpubmed: 38273017google scholar: lookup
  6. Vidal Moreno de Vega C, Lemmens D, de Meeûs d'Argenteuil C, Boshuizen B, de Maré L, Leybaert L, Goethals K, de Oliveira JE, Hosotani G, Deforce D, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Devisscher L, Delesalle C. Dynamics of training and acute exercise-induced shifts in muscular glucose transporter (GLUT) 4, 8, and 12 expression in locomotion versus posture muscles in healthy horses. Front Physiol 2023;14:1256217.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1256217pubmed: 37654675google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,001 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.