Comparison of two agar gel immunodiffusion protocols for diagnosing equine infectious anemia.
Abstract: This study compared agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) protocols for diagnosing equine infectious anemia. Two commercial testing kits were used: one following the Japanese Act on Domestic Animal Infectious Diseases Control and one following the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) manual. From 651 samples tested, both protocols gave identical results for 647 samples (23 samples tested positive; 624 tested negative). Non-specific reactions were observed in 21 samples testing negative by the Japanese protocol, but none were observed with the OIE protocol. The kappa coefficient value was 0.962, indicating almost perfect agreement between the two protocols. This study found no difference in diagnostic agreement between the two protocols, but the OIE protocol produced non-specific reactions less frequently than the Japanese protocol.
Publication Date: 2018-06-12 PubMed ID: 29899176PubMed Central: PMC6115256DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0103Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Animal Health
- Clinical Pathology
- Clinical Study
- Comparative Study
- Diagnosis
- Diagnostic Technique
- Disease
- Disease control
- Disease Diagnosis
- Disease Management
- Epidemiology
- Equine Health
- Equine Infectious Anemia
- Horses
- Immunodiffusion
- Immunology
- Infectious Disease
- Laboratory Methods
- Veterinary Care
- Veterinary Medicine
- Veterinary Research
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
This research paper investigates the effectiveness of two different protocols for detecting equine infectious anemia, using agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) tests. It finds that there is very little difference between the results, but suggests the OIE protocol may be slightly more accurate.
Methodology
- The study used two commercially available kits for carrying out the AGID tests. One kit complied with the specifications set by the Japanese Act on Domestic Animal Infectious Diseases Control, whilst the other followed the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) manual.
- The samples for the test consisted of 651 samples from horses, with both the Japanese and OIE protocols being applied to each sample.
Results
- Out of the 651 samples, both testing protocols arrived at the exact same result for 647 of them. Of these, 23 tested positive for equine infectious anemia, while 624 tested negative.
- However, there were differences in the number of non-specific reactions produced by the two test kits. Whilst the Japanese protocol gave 21 such reactions, no non-specific reactions were observed with the OIE tests.
Statistical Evidence
- The kappa coefficient is a statistical measure that evaluates the level of agreement between two evaluations. In this study, a kappa coefficient of 0.962 was obtained, suggesting an almost perfect correlation between the results obtained from the two different protocols.
Conclusion
- In conclusion, despite the minor difference in the number of non-specific reactions, both the testing protocols showed a very high level of agreement in diagnosing equine infectious anemia as demonstrated by the kappa coefficient. The OIE protocol, however, is situated as a superior testing method due to its absence of non-specific reactions.
Cite This Article
APA
Nemoto M, Yamanaka T, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Ueno T, Mekata H, Yoshida A, Koyama A, Kokado H.
(2018).
Comparison of two agar gel immunodiffusion protocols for diagnosing equine infectious anemia.
J Vet Med Sci, 80(8), 1245-1247.
https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.18-0103 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.
- IDEXX Laboratories K.K., 1-22-19 Izumi, Suginami-ku, Tokyo 168-0063, Japan.
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
MeSH Terms
- Agar
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral / blood
- Equine Infectious Anemia / diagnosis
- Horses
- Immunodiffusion / methods
- Immunodiffusion / veterinary
- Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / immunology
- Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / isolation & purification
- Reagent Kits, Diagnostic / veterinary
References
This article includes 7 references
- Cook RF, Cook SJ, Issel CJ. Equine infectious anaemia. pp. 56–71. In: Infectious Diseases of the Horse (Mair, T. S. and Hutchinson, R. E. eds.), Equine Veterinary Journal Ltd., Cambridgeshire.
- Cook RF, Leroux C, Issel CJ. Equine infectious anemia and equine infectious anemia virus in 2013: a review.. Vet Microbiol 2013 Nov 29;167(1-2):181-204.
- Cullinane A, Quinlivan M, Nelly M, Patterson H, Kenna R, Garvey M, Gildea S, Lyons P, Flynn M, Galvin P, Neylon M, Jankowska K. Diagnosis of equine infectious anaemia during the 2006 outbreak in Ireland.. Vet Rec 2007 Nov 10;161(19):647-52.
- Imagawa H, Akiyama Y. Elimination of extraneous precipitin lines on agar gel in the diagnosis of equine infectious anemia. Nippon Juishikai Zasshi 1978;31:410–413 (in Japanese).
- Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data.. Biometrics 1977 Mar;33(1):159-74.
- Murakami K, Konishi M, Kameyama K, Shibahara T. Detection of equine infectious anaemia virus in native Japanese ponies.. Vet Rec 2012 Jul 21;171(3):72.
- OIE. Chapter 2.5.6. Equine infectious anaemia. In: Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals, OIE, Paris, 2013.
Citations
This article has been cited 4 times.- Bannai H, Kambayashi Y, Nemoto M, Yamanaka T, Tsujimura K. Comparison of 4 agar gel immunodiffusion kits for serologic detection of equine infectious anemia virus antibodies. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023 Jul;35(4):430-432.
- Aguilar-Montes de Oca S, Montes-de-Oca-Jiménez R, Carlos Vázquez-Chagoyán J, Barbabosa-Pliego A, Eliana Rivadeneira-Barreiro P, C Zambrano-Rodríguez P. The Use of Peptides in Veterinary Serodiagnosis of Infectious Diseases: A Review. Vet Sci 2022 Oct 12;9(10).
- Ostuni A, Frontoso R, Crudele MA, Barca L, Amati M, Boni R, De Vendel J, Raimondi P, Bavoso A. Comparative Evaluation of a Multistrain Indirect ELISA Targeting Anti- p26 and gp45 Antibodies for EIAV Detection. Pathogens 2025 Jun 8;14(6).
- Wang J, Qiu J, Wang M, Wu X, Li X, Zhang H. Development of a colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip to detect equine infectious anemia virus. Virol J 2025 Jun 24;22(1):205.
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