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PloS one2026; 21(3); e0344287; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0344287

Computational modelling of the equine arteritis virus GP5/M Dimer: Implications for immune evasion and virulence.

Abstract: Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus of the Arteriviridae family. Its GP5/M dimer, the principal component of the viral envelope, mediates virus budding and serves as a key target for neutralizing antibodies. Using AlphaFold3, we predicted the 3D structure of the EAV GP5/M dimer and compared it to its homolog in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Both complexes share a conserved architecture comprising a short ectodomain, three helical transmembrane regions, and a β-sheet-rich endodomain. EAV GP5 features a longer ectodomain with four α-helices and a disulfide-linked β-sheet, which forms the most variable and surface-exposed region containing neutralizing epitopes. Adjacent conserved and variable N-glycosylation sites suggest immune evasion mechanisms involving antigenic drift and glycan shielding. Another epitope, located in a membrane-proximal helix, overlaps with known virulence and persistence determinants. The transmembrane domains are the most structurally conserved regions between EAV and PRRSV, characterized by tilted and kinked helices stabilized by hydrophilic interactions within the lipid bilayer. These findings provide molecular insights into the structural organization, immune targets, and virulence-associated features of the GP5/M dimer, offering a foundation for rational vaccine design against EAV.
Copyright: © 2026 Veit, Matczuk. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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Publication Date: 2026-03-10 PubMed ID: 41805756PubMed Central: PMC12974795DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0344287Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This research focuses on computationally predicting the 3D structure of the equine arteritis virus (EAV) GP5/M dimer using AlphaFold3.
  • The study compares this structure to a similar protein in a related virus, revealing insights into immune evasion, virus structure, and virulence.

Background and Significance

  • Equine arteritis virus (EAV): A positive-stranded RNA virus within the Arteriviridae family that infects horses and causes respiratory and reproductive disease.
  • GP5/M dimer: The main protein complex embedded in the viral envelope, responsible for virus budding from the host cell and serving as a primary target for the host’s neutralizing antibodies.
  • Understanding the structure of GP5/M can reveal how the virus interacts with the host immune system and how it maintains virulence.

Methodology

  • Structural prediction: Utilized AlphaFold3, an advanced machine-learning tool for protein folding, to predict the 3D structure of the EAV GP5/M dimer.
  • Comparative analysis: Compared the EAV GP5/M structure with its homologous complex from porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), another arterivirus with similar structural features.

Key Structural Features Identified

  • General architecture: Both EAV and PRRSV GP5/M dimers share a conserved overall structure including:
    • A short ectodomain (portion of protein outside the viral membrane)
    • Three helical transmembrane regions (spanning the viral membrane)
    • A β-sheet-rich endodomain (portion inside the viral membrane or cytoplasmic side)
  • Ectodomain of EAV GP5:
    • Longer than that in PRRSV
    • Contains four α-helices and a disulfide-linked β-sheet structure
    • Forms the most variable and surface-exposed region, which harbors neutralizing antibody epitopes
  • N-glycosylation sites:
    • Conserved and variable sites are located adjacent to the neutralizing epitopes
    • These glycans likely contribute to immune evasion via:
      • Antigenic drift – the accumulation of mutations to escape antibody recognition
      • Glycan shielding – sugar molecules physically blocking antibody access
  • Membrane-proximal helix epitope:
    • Located near the viral membrane surface
    • Overlaps with regions known to influence viral virulence and persistence in the host
  • Transmembrane domain conservation:
    • Most structurally conserved part between EAV and PRRSV
    • Consists of tilted and kinked α-helices
    • Stabilized by hydrophilic interactions within the lipid bilayer, maintaining protein integrity

Biological and Clinical Implications

  • Immune evasion: The arrangement of glycosylation sites and variable ectodomain structures suggest mechanisms by which EAV avoids detection by host antibodies.
  • Virulence factors: Specific structural epitopes correspond to viral features that modulate how aggressively EAV infects and persists in its host.
  • Vaccine design potential:
    • Knowing the detailed 3D structure of the GP5/M dimer provides a blueprint for designing vaccines that target conserved and vulnerable viral regions.
    • Insights into glycan shielding and epitope variation can guide strategies to produce broadly neutralizing vaccine candidates.

Conclusion

  • The research delivers a high-resolution structural model of the EAV GP5/M dimer, highlighting its key functional and immunological features.
  • These findings offer foundational knowledge useful for understanding virus-host interactions and steering future efforts in antiviral therapies and vaccine development against EAV.

Cite This Article

APA
Veit M, Matczuk AK. (2026). Computational modelling of the equine arteritis virus GP5/M Dimer: Implications for immune evasion and virulence. PLoS One, 21(3), e0344287. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0344287

Publication

PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
NlmUniqueID: 101285081
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 21
Issue: 3
Pages: e0344287
PII: e0344287

Researcher Affiliations

Veit, Michael
  • Institut für Virologie, Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Matczuk, Anna Karolina
  • Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.

MeSH Terms

  • Equartevirus / pathogenicity
  • Equartevirus / immunology
  • Equartevirus / chemistry
  • Immune Evasion
  • Viral Envelope Proteins / chemistry
  • Viral Envelope Proteins / immunology
  • Protein Multimerization
  • Animals
  • Models, Molecular
  • Virulence
  • Horses
  • Amino Acid Sequence
  • Computer Simulation
  • Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus / immunology
  • Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus / chemistry
  • Epitopes / immunology
  • Epitopes / chemistry

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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