Abstract: Trigeminal nerve-mediated head-shaking (TNMH) in horses is a diagnosis made by exclusion. Computed tomography (CT) is frequently used to identify any disease process that could cause the clinical signs of head-shaking. Although abnormalities are frequently identified, it is unknown whether treatment of these conditions improves clinical signs. Objective: To ascertain the clinical significance of CT findings in horses presented with a complaint of head-shaking. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: CT and patient records were reviewed and all abnormal findings and any treatments subsequently carried out was recorded. A questionnaire was sent to referring veterinarians and owners were contacted by telephone to establish whether treatment of the identified condition improved clinical signs. Results: This study included 103 horses presented for head CT with the complaint of head-shaking with follow-up information obtained for 84 horses (81.6%). The diagnosis of TNMH was based on a combination of positive maxillary nerve block and/or response to treatment for TNMH. Although TNMH was the most common diagnosis with 62 horses (60.2%) affected, in 22 horses (21.4%), a primary disease process was identified and treatment of the condition eliminated signs of head-shaking. Clinically relevant primary diseases included dental fracture, primary sinusitis, temporo-mandibular joint arthritis, nuchal bursitis, musculoskeletal pathologies, basisphenoid fracture, otitis externa and a mass affecting the infra-orbital nerve. Conclusions: Some clinical information was missing and follow-up information was not obtained in all cases. Conclusions: CT was perceived as a useful diagnostic tool by most veterinarians, ruling out significant abnormalities. In over 20% of the cases, a treatable primary condition was identified leading to complete resolution of clinical signs. Unassigned: Las sacudidas de cabeza mediadas por el nervio Trigémino (TNMH) en caballos es un diagnostico por exclusión. La tomografía computarizada (CT) es frecuentemente utilizada para identificar cualquier proceso patológico que pudiese ser la causa de los síntomas de sacudida de cabeza. Aunque se identifican frecuentemente anomalías, no se sabe si es que el tratamiento de estas condiciones mejora los signos clínicos. Objective: Demostrar la significancia clínica de los hallazgos por CT en caballos presentados con queja de sacudida de cabeza. DISEÑO DEL ESTUDIO: Series de casos retrospectivos. MÉTODOS: Los archivos de tomografía computarizada y de pacientes fueron revisados y todos los hallazgos anormales y los tratamientos llevados a cabo subsecuentemente fueron anotados. Un cuestionario fue mandado a los veterinarios que difirieron los casos y los dueños fueron contactados por teléfono para saber si el tratamiento de la condición identificada mejoro los síntomas. Results: Este estudio incluyo a 103 caballos presentados para CT de cabeza con queja de sacudida de cabeza con información subsecuente obtenida en 84 caballos (81.6%). TNMH fue el diagnostico basados en un combinación de bloque positivo del nervio maxilar y/o respuesta positiva a tratamiento de TNMH. Aunque TNMH fue el diagnostico mas común con 62 caballos (60.2%) afectados, en 22 caballos (21.4%), un proceso patológico primario fue identificado y el tratamiento de la condición elimino los síntomas de sacudida de cabeza. Las enfermedades clínicas primarias relevantes incluyeron fracturas dentales, sinusitis primaria, artritis de la articulación temporo-mandibular, bursitis nucal, patologías musculo esqueléticas, fracturas basifenoideas, otitis externa y masas tumorales afectando al nervio infra-orbital. Unassigned: No se pudo obtener toda la información clínica e no se obtuvo información de seguimiento en todos los casos. Conclusions: La tomografía computarizada era considerada como un herramienta diagnostica por la mayoría de los veterinarios, descartando anomalías significativas. En mas de un 20% de los casos, una condición primaria con tratamiento fue identificada y esta llevo a la resolución de los síntomas clínicos.
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The study explores the use of computed tomography (CT) in identifying the cause of head-shaking in horses and whether treating identified conditions improve the head-shaking symptoms. The research found that over 20% of treated primary conditions diagnosed using CT resulted in complete resolution of symptoms.
Objective and Methods of Study
The primary aim of the study was to determine the clinical significance of CT findings for horses presented with head-shaking symptoms.
The research used a retrospective case series methodology. CT and patient records were reviewed, and any abnormalities found and subsequent treatments were recorded.
A questionnaire for referring veterinarians and telephone interviews with owners were used to determine whether the treatment of the diagnosed condition led to improvement in symptoms.
Study Results
Out of 103 horses undergoing CT for head-shaking symptoms, follow-up information was obtained for 84 horses, making up 81.6% of the sample.
Diagnosis of Trigeminal Nerve-Mediated Head-Shaking (TNMH) was based on a combination of positive maxillary nerve block and/or treatment response for TNMH.
TNMH was the most common diagnosis, with 60.2% of the horses affected. However, for 21.4% of horses, a primary disease process was identified and treatment for the condition eliminated head-shaking signs.
The clinically significant primary diseases included dental fracture, primary sinusitis, temporo-mandibular joint arthritis, nuchal bursitis, musculoskeletal pathologies, basisphenoid fracture, otitis externa and a mass affecting the infra-orbital nerve.
Conclusions
In some cases, necessary clinical information was missing and follow-up information wasn’t obtained, which is a limitation of the study.
Most veterinarians viewed CT as a beneficial diagnostic tool, as it was effective in ruling out significant abnormalities.
In diagnosis through CT, over 20% of the cases identified a treatable primary condition, which, when treated, led to the complete resolution of head-shaking symptoms.
Cite This Article
APA
Perrier M, Manso-Díaz G, Dunkel B.
(2022).
Computed tomography findings in horses presented with signs of head-shaking.
Equine Vet J, 55(4), 649-655.
https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13889
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