Analyze Diet
Equine veterinary journal2022; 55(4); 649-655; doi: 10.1111/evj.13889

Computed tomography findings in horses presented with signs of head-shaking.

Abstract: Trigeminal nerve-mediated head-shaking (TNMH) in horses is a diagnosis made by exclusion. Computed tomography (CT) is frequently used to identify any disease process that could cause the clinical signs of head-shaking. Although abnormalities are frequently identified, it is unknown whether treatment of these conditions improves clinical signs. Objective: To ascertain the clinical significance of CT findings in horses presented with a complaint of head-shaking. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: CT and patient records were reviewed and all abnormal findings and any treatments subsequently carried out was recorded. A questionnaire was sent to referring veterinarians and owners were contacted by telephone to establish whether treatment of the identified condition improved clinical signs. Results: This study included 103 horses presented for head CT with the complaint of head-shaking with follow-up information obtained for 84 horses (81.6%). The diagnosis of TNMH was based on a combination of positive maxillary nerve block and/or response to treatment for TNMH. Although TNMH was the most common diagnosis with 62 horses (60.2%) affected, in 22 horses (21.4%), a primary disease process was identified and treatment of the condition eliminated signs of head-shaking. Clinically relevant primary diseases included dental fracture, primary sinusitis, temporo-mandibular joint arthritis, nuchal bursitis, musculoskeletal pathologies, basisphenoid fracture, otitis externa and a mass affecting the infra-orbital nerve. Conclusions: Some clinical information was missing and follow-up information was not obtained in all cases. Conclusions: CT was perceived as a useful diagnostic tool by most veterinarians, ruling out significant abnormalities. In over 20% of the cases, a treatable primary condition was identified leading to complete resolution of clinical signs. Unassigned: Las sacudidas de cabeza mediadas por el nervio Trigémino (TNMH) en caballos es un diagnostico por exclusión. La tomografía computarizada (CT) es frecuentemente utilizada para identificar cualquier proceso patológico que pudiese ser la causa de los síntomas de sacudida de cabeza. Aunque se identifican frecuentemente anomalías, no se sabe si es que el tratamiento de estas condiciones mejora los signos clínicos. Objective: Demostrar la significancia clínica de los hallazgos por CT en caballos presentados con queja de sacudida de cabeza. DISEÑO DEL ESTUDIO: Series de casos retrospectivos. MÉTODOS: Los archivos de tomografía computarizada y de pacientes fueron revisados y todos los hallazgos anormales y los tratamientos llevados a cabo subsecuentemente fueron anotados. Un cuestionario fue mandado a los veterinarios que difirieron los casos y los dueños fueron contactados por teléfono para saber si el tratamiento de la condición identificada mejoro los síntomas. Results: Este estudio incluyo a 103 caballos presentados para CT de cabeza con queja de sacudida de cabeza con información subsecuente obtenida en 84 caballos (81.6%). TNMH fue el diagnostico basados en un combinación de bloque positivo del nervio maxilar y/o respuesta positiva a tratamiento de TNMH. Aunque TNMH fue el diagnostico mas común con 62 caballos (60.2%) afectados, en 22 caballos (21.4%), un proceso patológico primario fue identificado y el tratamiento de la condición elimino los síntomas de sacudida de cabeza. Las enfermedades clínicas primarias relevantes incluyeron fracturas dentales, sinusitis primaria, artritis de la articulación temporo-mandibular, bursitis nucal, patologías musculo esqueléticas, fracturas basifenoideas, otitis externa y masas tumorales afectando al nervio infra-orbital. Unassigned: No se pudo obtener toda la información clínica e no se obtuvo información de seguimiento en todos los casos. Conclusions: La tomografía computarizada era considerada como un herramienta diagnostica por la mayoría de los veterinarios, descartando anomalías significativas. En mas de un 20% de los casos, una condición primaria con tratamiento fue identificada y esta llevo a la resolución de los síntomas clínicos.
Publication Date: 2022-10-18 PubMed ID: 36223251DOI: 10.1111/evj.13889Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study explores the use of computed tomography (CT) in identifying the cause of head-shaking in horses and whether treating identified conditions improve the head-shaking symptoms. The research found that over 20% of treated primary conditions diagnosed using CT resulted in complete resolution of symptoms.

Objective and Methods of Study

  • The primary aim of the study was to determine the clinical significance of CT findings for horses presented with head-shaking symptoms.
  • The research used a retrospective case series methodology. CT and patient records were reviewed, and any abnormalities found and subsequent treatments were recorded.
  • A questionnaire for referring veterinarians and telephone interviews with owners were used to determine whether the treatment of the diagnosed condition led to improvement in symptoms.

Study Results

  • Out of 103 horses undergoing CT for head-shaking symptoms, follow-up information was obtained for 84 horses, making up 81.6% of the sample.
  • Diagnosis of Trigeminal Nerve-Mediated Head-Shaking (TNMH) was based on a combination of positive maxillary nerve block and/or treatment response for TNMH.
  • TNMH was the most common diagnosis, with 60.2% of the horses affected. However, for 21.4% of horses, a primary disease process was identified and treatment for the condition eliminated head-shaking signs.
  • The clinically significant primary diseases included dental fracture, primary sinusitis, temporo-mandibular joint arthritis, nuchal bursitis, musculoskeletal pathologies, basisphenoid fracture, otitis externa and a mass affecting the infra-orbital nerve.

Conclusions

  • In some cases, necessary clinical information was missing and follow-up information wasn’t obtained, which is a limitation of the study.
  • Most veterinarians viewed CT as a beneficial diagnostic tool, as it was effective in ruling out significant abnormalities.
  • In diagnosis through CT, over 20% of the cases identified a treatable primary condition, which, when treated, led to the complete resolution of head-shaking symptoms.

Cite This Article

APA
Perrier M, Manso-Díaz G, Dunkel B. (2022). Computed tomography findings in horses presented with signs of head-shaking. Equine Vet J, 55(4), 649-655. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13889

Publication

ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 55
Issue: 4
Pages: 649-655

Researcher Affiliations

Perrier, Melanie
  • Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK.
Manso-Díaz, Gabriel
  • Veterinary School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Dunkel, Bettina
  • Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK.

MeSH Terms

  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Retrospective Studies
  • Horse Diseases / diagnostic imaging
  • Horse Diseases / drug therapy
  • Head / diagnostic imaging
  • Fractures, Bone / veterinary
  • Tomography, X-Ray Computed / veterinary

References

This article includes 20 references
  1. Talbot WA, Pinchbeck GL, Knottenbelt DC, Graham H, McKane SA. A randomised, blinded, crossover study to assess the efficacy of a feed supplement in alleviating the clinical signs of headshaking in 32 horses.. Equine Vet J 2013;43:293-7.
  2. Ross SE, Murray JK, Roberts VLH. Prevalence of headshaking within the equine population in the UK.. Equine Vet J 2018;50:73-8.
  3. Roberts V. Trigeminal-mediated headshaking in horses: prevalence, impact, and management strategies.. Vet Med (Auckl) 2019;10:1-8.
  4. Pickles K, Madigan J, Aleman M. Idiopathic headshaking: is it still idiopathic?. Vet J 2014;201:21-30.
  5. Madigan JE, Bell SA. Characterisation of headshaking syndrome--31 cases.. Equine Vet J 1998;27(S27):28-9.
  6. Mills DS, Cook S, Taylor K, Jones B. Analysis of the variations in clinical signs shown by 254 cases of equine headshaking.. Vet Rec 2002;150:236-40.
  7. Roberts V. Idiopathic headshaking in horses: understanding the pathophysiology.. Vet Rec 2011;168:17-8.
  8. Lane JG, Mair TS. Observations on headshaking in the horse.. Equine Vet J 1987;19:331-6.
  9. Fiske-Jackson A, Pollock J, Witte T, Woolford L, Perkins J. Fungal sinusitis resulting in suspected trigeminal neuropathy as a cause of headshaking in five horses.. Equine Vet Educ 2011;24:126-33.
  10. Mayhew J. Application of trigeminal-evoked responses to headshaking in horses.. Vet J 2012;191:15-6.
  11. Aleman M, Williams DC, Brosnan RJ, Nieto JE, Pickles KG, Berger J. Sensory nerve conduction and somatosensory evoked potentials of the trigeminal nerve in horses with idiopathic headshaking.. J Vet Intern Med 2013;27:1571-80.
  12. Sheldon SA, Aleman M, Costa LR, Santoyo AC, Howey Q, Madigan JE. Intravenous infusion of magnesium sulfate and its effect on horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking.. J Vet Intern Med 2019;33:923-32.
  13. Manso-Diaz G, Garcia-Lopez M, Maranda L, Taeymans O. The role of head computed tomography in equine practice.. Equine Vet Educ 2015;27:136-45.
  14. Voigt A, Saulez MN, Donnellan CM. Nuchal crest avulsion fracture in 2 horses: a cause of headshaking.. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2009;80:111-3.
  15. Schwarz B, Klang A, Schwendenwein I. Primary hyperparathyroidism associated with atypical headshaking behavior in a warmblood gelding.. J Equine Vet Sci 2020;88:102840.
  16. Madigan JE, Kortz G, Murphy C, Rodger L. Photic headshaking in the horse: 7 cases.. Equine Vet J 1995;27:306-11.
  17. Veraa S, Voorhout G, Klein W. Computed tomography of the upper cheek teeth in horses with infundibular changes and apical infection.. Equine Vet J 2009;41:872-6.
  18. Carmalt J, Kneissl S, Rawlinson J, Zwick T, Zekas L, Ohlerth S. Computed tomographic appearance of the temporomandibular joint in 1018 asymptomatic horses: a multi-institution study.. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016;57:237-45.
  19. Manso-Diaz G, Dyson S, Dennis R, Garcia-Lopez J, Biggi M, Garcia-Real I. Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of equine head disorder: 84 cases (2000-2013).. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2015;56:176-87.
  20. Edwards RA, Hermans H, Veraa S. Morphological variations of the infraorbital canal during CT has limited association with headshaking in horses.. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019;60:485-92.

Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Lloyd-Edwards RA, Mulders E, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM, Veraa S. Computed Tomography of the Hyoid Apparatus in Equine Headshaking Syndrome. Vet Sci 2025 May 23;12(6).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci12060511pubmed: 40559747google scholar: lookup
  2. Jasiński T, Turek B, Kaczorowski M, Brehm W, Skierbiszewska K, Domino M. Equine temporomandibular joint diseases: A systematic review. Equine Vet J 2025 Nov;57(6):1427-1445.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.14462pubmed: 39861936google scholar: lookup