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Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2020; 9(11); 908; doi: 10.3390/pathogens9110908

Contrasted Epidemiological Patterns of West Nile Virus Lineages 1 and 2 Infections in France from 2015 to 2019.

Abstract: Since 2015, annual West Nile virus (WNV) outbreaks of varying intensities have been reported in France. Recent intensification of enzootic WNV circulation was observed in the South of France with most horse cases detected in 2015 ( = 49), 2018 ( = 13), and 2019 ( = 13). A WNV lineage 1 strain was isolated from a horse suffering from West Nile neuro-invasive disease (WNND) during the 2015 episode in the Camargue area. A breaking point in WNV epidemiology was achieved in 2018, when WNV lineage 2 emerged in Southeastern areas. This virus most probably originated from WNV spread from Northern Italy and caused WNND in humans and the death of diurnal raptors. WNV lineage 2 emergence was associated with the most important human WNV epidemics identified so far in France (n = 26, including seven WNND cases and two infections in blood and organ donors). Two other major findings were the detection of WNV in areas with no or limited history of WNV circulation (Alpes-Maritimes in 2018, Corsica in 2018-2019, and Var in 2019) and distinct spatial distribution of human and horse WNV cases. These new data reinforce the necessity to enhance French WNV surveillance to better anticipate future WNV epidemics and epizootics and to improve the safety of blood and organ donations.
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Publication Date: 2020-10-30 PubMed ID: 33143300PubMed Central: PMC7692118DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110908Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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The research article reports about the epidemiological patterns of West Nile Virus (WNV) lineages 1 and 2 in France from 2015 to 2019, suggesting an intensification of the virus and emergence of new lineage 2, which has contributed to several severe disease outcomes and deaths.

Findings

  • The research observed an intensification of West Nile virus (WNV) circulation in southern France with most cases detected in 2015, 2018, and 2019. This intensification was primarily among horses.
  • A strain of WNV lineage 1 was isolated from a horse suffering from West Nile neuro-invasive disease during the 2015 outbreak in the Camargue area.
  • A significant shift in WNV epidemiology occurred in 2018 with the emergence of WNV lineage 2 in Southeastern France. This lineage 2 virus strain likely originated from WNV spread from Northern Italy and it caused neuro-invasive disease in humans and death in day-birds.
  • The emergence of WNV lineage 2 was associated with the most serious human WNV epidemics in France.
  • Detection of WNV in areas with no or limited history of WNV circulation like Alpes-Maritimes in 2018, Corsica in 2018-2019, and Var in 2019. These reports suggest that the virus’s geographic spread has intensified over the study period.
  • The study also found a distinct spatial distribution between human and horse WNV cases. This could suggest different transmission dynamics between the species or could relate to surveillance bias, in which surveillance efforts are unevenly spread across species and geographies.

Implications

  • These findings emphasize the need to both strengthen and expand French WNV surveillance to better predict and respond to future WNV epidemics and to protect the safety of blood and organ donations. Focused efforts on both reducing the disease’s presence and improving infrastructure to respond to it would significantly cut disease incidence.
  • The appearance of WNV in areas with no or limited history of WNV suggests the importance of surveillance even in regions thought to be low-risk. Broad-based surveillance could catch nascent epidemics before they spread widely.
  • The evolution of WNV lineages present in France may require adaptations in diagnostic tests, prevention strategies, and treatment protocols. The healthcare community must be informed and prepared for these changes.

Cite This Article

APA
Beck C, Leparc Goffart I, Franke F, Gonzalez G, Dumarest M, Lowenski S, Blanchard Y, Lucas P, Lamballerie X, Grard G, Durand GA, Zientara S, Tapprest J, L'Ambert G, Durand B, Desvaux S, Lecollinet S. (2020). Contrasted Epidemiological Patterns of West Nile Virus Lineages 1 and 2 Infections in France from 2015 to 2019. Pathogens, 9(11), 908. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9110908

Publication

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2076-0817
NlmUniqueID: 101596317
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 9
Issue: 11
PII: 908

Researcher Affiliations

Beck, Cécile
  • UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
Leparc Goffart, Isabelle
  • National Reference Laboratory for Arboviruses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13010 Marseille, France.
  • Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13385 Marseille, France.
Franke, Florian
  • Regional Office Paca-Corse, Santé Publique France, 13331 Marseille, France.
Gonzalez, Gaelle
  • UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
Dumarest, Marine
  • UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
Lowenski, Steeve
  • UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
Blanchard, Yannick
  • ANSES Ploufragan-Plouzane-Niort, Viral Genetics and Biosecurity Unit, 22440 Ploufragan, France.
Lucas, Pierrick
  • ANSES Ploufragan-Plouzane-Niort, Viral Genetics and Biosecurity Unit, 22440 Ploufragan, France.
Lamballerie, Xavier de
  • Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13385 Marseille, France.
Grard, Gilda
  • National Reference Laboratory for Arboviruses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13010 Marseille, France.
  • Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13385 Marseille, France.
Durand, Guillaume André
  • National Reference Laboratory for Arboviruses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13010 Marseille, France.
  • Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13385 Marseille, France.
Zientara, Stéphan
  • UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
Tapprest, Jackie
  • ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, PhEED Unit, Dozulé site, F-14430 Goustranville, France.
L'Ambert, Grégory
  • EID Méditerranée, 34184 Montpellier, France.
Durand, Benoit
  • Epidemiology Unit, Paris-Est University, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
Desvaux, Stéphanie
  • Office Français de la Biodiversité, Unité Sanitaire de la Faune, 01330 Birieux, France.
Lecollinet, Sylvie
  • UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.

Grant Funding

  • EU-RL on equine diseases / European Commission

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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