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Home / Equine Research Bank / Microbiol Spectr / Corynebacteria of the diphtheriae Species Complex in Compani...
Microbiology spectrum2023; 11(3); e0000623; doi: 10.1128/spectrum.00006-23

Corynebacteria of the diphtheriae Species Complex in Companion Animals: Clinical and Microbiological Characterization of 64 Cases from France.

Abstract: Corynebacteria of the diphtheriae species complex (CdSC) can cause diphtheria in humans and have been reported from companion animals. We aimed to describe animal infection cases caused by CdSC isolates. A total of 18,308 animals (dogs, cats, horses, and small mammals) with rhinitis, dermatitis, nonhealing wounds, and otitis were sampled in metropolitan France (August 2019 to August 2021). Data on symptoms, age, breed, and the administrative region of origin were collected. Cultured bacteria were analyzed for tox gene presence, production of the diphtheria toxin, and antimicrobial susceptibility and were genotyped by multilocus sequence typing. Corynebacterium ulcerans was identified in 51 cases, 24 of which were toxigenic. Rhinitis was the most frequent presentation (18/51). Eleven cases (6 cats, 4 dogs, and 1 rat) were monoinfections. Large-breed dogs, especially German shepherds (9 of 28 dogs; P < 0.00001), were overrepresented. C. ulcerans isolates were susceptible to all tested antibiotics. tox-positive C. diphtheriae was identified in 2 horses. Last, 11 infections cases (9 dogs and 2 cats; mostly chronic otitis and 2 sores) had tox-negative C. rouxii, a recently defined species. C. rouxii and C. diphtheriae isolates were susceptible to most antibiotics tested, and almost all of these infections were polymicrobial. Monoinfections with C. ulcerans point toward a primary pathogenic potential to animals. C. ulcerans represents an important zoonotic risk, and C. rouxii may represent a novel zoonotic agent. This case series provides novel clinical and microbiological data on CdSC infections and underlines the need for management of animals and their human contacts. IMPORTANCE We report on the occurrence and clinical and microbiological characteristics of infections caused by members of the CdSC in companion animals. This is the first study based on the systematic analysis of a very large animal cohort (18,308 samples), which provides data on the frequency of CdSC isolates in various types of clinical samples from animals. Awareness of this zoonotic bacterial group remains low among veterinarians and veterinary laboratories, among which it is often considered commensal in animals. We suggest that in the case of CdSC detection in animals, the veterinary laboratories should be encouraged to send the samples to a reference laboratory for analysis of the presence of the tox gene. This work is relevant to the development of guidelines in the case of CdSC infections in animals and underlines their public health relevance given the zoonotic transmission risk.
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Publication Date: 2023-04-06 PubMed ID: 37022195PubMed Central: PMC10269909DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00006-23Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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The research provides an extensive study on Corynebacteria of the diphtheriae species complex (CdSC) found in companion animals, particularly its clinical and microbiological characteristics, and its potential as a zoonotic risk.

Background and Purpose of the Study

  • The study was conducted to analyze infections in companion animals caused by CdSC, possibly leading to diphtheria in humans.
  • It aimed at presenting data on the disease’s symptoms, identifying the animals most susceptible, assessing the geographical distribution of the infection, and studying the bacteria causing this ailment.

Methods of the Study

  • Over 18,000 animals (dogs, cats, horses, and small mammals) showing symptoms of diseases like rhinitis, dermatitis, nonhealing wounds, and otitis were sampled.
  • The samples were collected in metropolitan France between August 2019 and August 2021.
  • The bacteria cultured from the samples was analyzed in terms of gene presence, production of the diphtheria toxin, and antibiotic susceptibility. They were also genotyped using multilocus sequence typing.

Results and Findings

  • 51 cases of Corynebacterium ulcerans was found, 24 of which were toxigenic, i.e., producing toxic substances.
  • Rhinitis was the most common symptom seen in the cases of C. ulcerans.
  • Large-breed dogs, in particular German shepherds, were more susceptible to the infection.
  • All isolated C. ulcerans were susceptible to the tested antibiotics.
  • 2 cases of C. diphtheriae were found in horses, and 11 cases of C. rouxii were found in mostly dogs and few cats.

Conclusions and Recommendations

  • Monoinfections with C. ulcerans show that it has a primary pathogenic potential to animals, and also represents a significant zoonotic risk.
  • The study suggests that veterinarians should be encouraged to send samples where CdSC is detected to a reference laboratory for more comprehensive analysis.
  • This research highlights the need for developing guidelines to manage CdSC infections in animals and their possible transmission to humans.

Cite This Article

APA
Museux K, Arcari G, Rodrigo G, Hennart M, Badell E, Toubiana J, Brisse S. (2023). Corynebacteria of the diphtheriae Species Complex in Companion Animals: Clinical and Microbiological Characterization of 64 Cases from France. Microbiol Spectr, 11(3), e0000623. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.00006-23

Publication

Microbiology spectrum
ISSN: 2165-0497
NlmUniqueID: 101634614
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 3
Pages: e0000623

Researcher Affiliations

Museux, Kristina
  • Cerba Vet, Massy, France.
Arcari, Gabriele
  • Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Paris, France.
Rodrigo, Guido
  • Cerba Vet, Massy, France.
Hennart, Melanie
  • Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Paris, France.
  • Collège doctoral, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
Badell, Edgar
  • Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Paris, France.
  • Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center for Corynebacteria of the diphtheriae complex, Paris, France.
Toubiana, Julie
  • Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Paris, France.
  • Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center for Corynebacteria of the diphtheriae complex, Paris, France.
  • Department of General Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
Brisse, Sylvain
  • Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Paris, France.
  • Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center for Corynebacteria of the diphtheriae complex, Paris, France.

MeSH Terms

  • Humans
  • Animals
  • Dogs
  • Horses
  • Rats
  • Rhinitis
  • Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • Diphtheria / microbiology
  • Anti-Bacterial Agents / pharmacology
  • France / epidemiology
  • Mammals

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare a conflict of interest. The authors declare that 2 authors (K.M., G.R.) are employees of Cerba Vet, which performs diagnostic testing on a commercial basis.

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Citations

This article has been cited 7 times.
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