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Home / Equine Research Bank / Sci Rep / Counts of hyaluronic acid-containing extracellular vesicles ...
Scientific reports2022; 12(1); 17550; doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-21398-8

Counts of hyaluronic acid-containing extracellular vesicles decrease in naturally occurring equine osteoarthritis.

Abstract: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease with inadequately understood pathogenesis leading to pain and functional limitations. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by synovial joint cells can induce both pro- and anti-OA effects. Hyaluronic acid (HA) lubricates the surfaces of articular cartilage and is one of the bioactive molecules transported by EVs. In humans, altered EV counts and composition can be observed in OA synovial fluid (SF), while EV research is in early stages in the horse-a well-recognized OA model. The aim was to characterize SF EVs and their HA cargo in 19 horses. SF was collected after euthanasia from control, OA, and contralateral metacarpophalangeal joints. The SF HA concentrations and size distribution were determined with a sandwich-type enzyme-linked sorbent assay and size-exclusion chromatography. Ultracentrifugation followed by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) were utilized to quantify small EVs, while confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and image analysis characterized larger EVs. The number and size distribution of small EVs measured by NTA were unaffected by OA, but these results may be limited by the lack of hyaluronidase pre-treatment of the samples. When visualized by CLSM, the number and proportion of larger HA-containing EVs (HA-EVs) decreased in OA SF (generalized linear model, count: p = 0.024, %: p = 0.028). There was an inverse association between the OA grade and total EV count, HA-EV count, and HA-EV % (rs = - 0.264 to - 0.327, p = 0.012-0.045). The total HA concentrations were also lower in OA (generalized linear model, p = 0.002). To conclude, the present study discovered a potential SF biomarker (HA-EVs) for naturally occurring equine OA. The roles of HA-EVs in the pathogenesis of OA and their potential as a joint disease biomarker and therapeutic target warrant future studies.
© 2022. The Author(s).
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Publication Date: 2022-10-20 PubMed ID: 36266410PubMed Central: PMC9585069DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21398-8Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigates how the quantities of hyaluronic acid-containing extracellular vesicles decrease in horses suffering from naturally occurring osteoarthritis. The findings suggest these vesicles could serve as potential biomarkers for the disease and require further study.

Overview of Osteoarthritis and Extracellular Vesicles

  • Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that leads to pain and functional limitations. The exact causes are not thoroughly understood.
  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) (tiny structures released by cells) can carry both helpful and harmful effects for OA.
  • Hyaluronic acid (HA) is beneficial for OA as it lubricates the cartilage surfaces and can be carried by EVs.
  • Changes in EVs in the synovial fluid (the fluid that reduces friction in the joints) are observed in humans with OA.

The Study’s Aim and Methodology

  • The researchers aimed to explore the EVs and their HA content in the synovial fluid of 19 horses, a recognized OA model.
  • The study collected synovial fluid samples from control horses, those with OA, and the contralateral metacarpophalangeal joints (the joint of the middle finger with the hand).
  • Techniques such as ultracentrifugation and nanoparticle tracking analysis were used to quantify small EVs.
  • Confocal laser scanning microscopy (an imaging technique that provides high-resolution images) was used to examine larger EVs.

Findings and Conclusions

  • The research found that the number and size distribution of small EVs were unaffected by OA.
  • However, the number and proportion of larger HA-containing EVs (HA-EVs) decreased in the synovial fluid of horses with OA.
  • There was a reverse correlation between the severity of OA and the total count of EVs, HA-EVs, and the percentage of HA-EVs.
  • Also, the total HA concentrations were lower in horses with OA.
  • Thus, the study concludes that HA-EVs in the synovial fluid could be an indicator (biomarker) of naturally occurring equine OA.
  • The study advocates for further research into the role HA-EVs play in OA development, and their potential use as a disease biomarker and for therapeutic purposes.

Cite This Article

APA
Mustonen AM, Lehmonen N, Oikari S, Capra J, Raekallio M, Mykkänen A, Paakkonen T, Rilla K, Niemelä T, Nieminen P. (2022). Counts of hyaluronic acid-containing extracellular vesicles decrease in naturally occurring equine osteoarthritis. Sci Rep, 12(1), 17550. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21398-8

Publication

Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
NlmUniqueID: 101563288
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 1
Pages: 17550

Researcher Affiliations

Mustonen, Anne-Mari
  • Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland. anne-mari.mustonen@uef.fi.
  • Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101, Joensuu, Finland. anne-mari.mustonen@uef.fi.
Lehmonen, Nina
  • Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
Oikari, Sanna
  • Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
Capra, Janne
  • Cell and Tissue Imaging Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
Raekallio, Marja
  • Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
Mykkänen, Anna
  • Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
Paakkonen, Tommi
  • Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
Rilla, Kirsi
  • Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
Niemelä, Tytti
  • Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
Nieminen, Petteri
  • Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Biomarkers
  • Cartilage, Articular / pathology
  • Extracellular Vesicles / pathology
  • Horses
  • Hyaluronic Acid / chemistry
  • Hyaluronoglucosaminidase
  • Osteoarthritis / veterinary
  • Osteoarthritis / pathology

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

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