FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Toxins2022; 14(8); 537; doi: 10.3390/toxins14080537

Deoxynivalenol Degradation by Various Microbial Communities and Its Impacts on Different Bacterial Flora.

Abstract: Deoxynivalenol, a mycotoxin that may present in almost all cereal products, can cause huge economic losses in the agriculture industry and seriously endanger food safety and human health. Microbial detoxifications using microbial consortia may provide a safe and effective strategy for DON mitigation. In order to study the interactions involving DON degradation and change in microbial flora, four samples from different natural niches, including a chicken stable (expJ), a sheep stable (expY), a wheat field (expT) and a horse stable (expM) were collected and reacted with purified DON. After being co-incubated at 30 °C with 130 rpm shaking for 96 h, DON was reduced by 74.5%, 43.0%, 46.7%, and 86.0% by expJ, expY, expT, and expM, respectively. After DON (0.8 mL of 100 μg/mL) was co-cultivated with 0.2 mL of the supernatant of each sample (i.e., suspensions of microbial communities) at 30 °C for 96 h, DON was reduced by 98.9%, 99.8%, 79.5%, and 78.9% in expJ, expY, expT, and expM, respectively, and was completely degraded after 8 days by all samples except of expM. DON was confirmed being transformed into de-epoxy DON (DOM-1) by the microbial community of expM. The bacterial flora of the samples was compared through 16S rDNA flux sequencing pre- and post the addition of DON. The results indicated that the diversities of bacterial flora were affected by DON. After DON treatment, the most abundant bacteria belong to (16.1%) and (8.2%) in expJ; (5.9%) and (5.5%) in expY; (13.5%), B1-7BS (13.4%), and RB41 (10.5%) in expT; and (24.1%), (8.8%), and (7.6%) in expM. This first study on the interactions between DON and natural microbial flora provides useful information and a methodology for further development of microbial consortia for mycotoxin detoxifications.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-08-05 PubMed ID: 36006199PubMed Central: PMC9413130DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080537Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study investigates the degradation of a hazardous mycotoxin, Deoxynivalenol (DON), present in cereal products, by microbial communities collected from various natural environments. It measures the percentage reduction of DON and observes the changes in bacterial composition in response to DON exposure.

Research Methodology and Findings

  • The research team collected microbial samples from four different natural habitats: a chicken stable, a sheep stable, a wheat field, and a horse stable, coded as expJ, expY, expT, and expM, respectively.
  • The collected samples were exposed to purified DON and kept on a shaker incubator for 96 hours, after which the researchers measured the degradation of DON.
  • The percentage of DON reduction varied across the samples: expJ degraded DON by 74.5%; expY by 43.0%; expT by 46.7%; and expM by a substantial 86.0%.
  • To further analyze, the microbial samples were co-cultivated with DON for 96 hours, which resulted in more substantial reductions: 98.9% in expJ, 99.8% in expY, 79.5% in expT, and 78.9% in expM.
  • All samples except expM completely degraded DON after an extended period of 8 days.

Analysis of Microbe Transformation and Bacteria Composition

  • The study identified the transformation of DON into de-epoxy DON (DOM-1) in the expM sample, implying the microbial community’s role in this change.
  • Before and after the introduction of DON, researchers sequenced the 16S rDNA of the bacterial flora to analyze changes. This sequencing showed various shifts in bacterial composition across the four samples.
  • Examples of these changes include an increase in certain bacteria in expJ (16.1%) and expY (5.9%) after DON’s addition. Similarly, in expT and expM, the research discovered different bacterial species as the most abundant post-DON treatment.

Implications and Contributions

  • This research unraveled the interaction between DON, a food product contaminant affecting human health and agricultural economy, and the natural microbial flora.
  • The varied results across the different microbial communities reflect the potential for further development of microbial consortia specifically designed for efficient mycotoxin detoxification.
  • The findings can guide strategies for reducing mycotoxins in cereals, improving food safety, and minimizing economic losses in agriculture due to mycotoxin contamination.

Cite This Article

APA
Cai C, Zhao M, Yao F, Zhu R, Cai H, Shao S, Li XZ, Zhou T. (2022). Deoxynivalenol Degradation by Various Microbial Communities and Its Impacts on Different Bacterial Flora. Toxins (Basel), 14(8), 537. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080537

Publication

Toxins
ISSN: 2072-6651
NlmUniqueID: 101530765
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 8
PII: 537

Researcher Affiliations

Cai, Chenggang
  • College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.
Zhao, Miaomiao
  • College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.
Yao, Feng
  • College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.
Zhu, Ruiyu
  • College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.
Cai, Haiying
  • College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.
Shao, Suqin
  • Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
Li, Xiu-Zhen
  • Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
Zhou, Ting
  • Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Bacteria / genetics
  • Bacteria / metabolism
  • Edible Grain / metabolism
  • Food Contamination / analysis
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Microbiota
  • Mycotoxins / metabolism
  • Sheep
  • Trichothecenes

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 40 references
  1. Bracarense APFL, Pierron A, Pinton P, Gerez JR, Schatzmayr G, Moll WD, Zhou T, Oswald IP. Reduced toxicity of 3-epi-deoxynivalenol and de-epoxy-deoxynivalenol through deoxynivalenol bacterial biotransformation: In vivo analysis in piglets.. Food Chem Toxicol 2020 Jun;140:111241.
    doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111241pubmed: 32194137google scholar: lookup
  2. Audenaert K, Vanheule A, Höfte M, Haesaert G. Deoxynivalenol: a major player in the multifaceted response of Fusarium to its environment.. Toxins (Basel) 2013 Dec 19;6(1):1-19.
    doi: 10.3390/toxins6010001pmc: PMC3920246pubmed: 24451843google scholar: lookup
  3. Magan N, Hope R, Colleate A, Baxter ES. Relationship between growth and mycotoxin production by Fusarium species, biocides and environment.. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 2002;108:685–690.
    doi: 10.1023/A:1020618728175google scholar: lookup
  4. Nasaruddin N, Jinap S, Samsudin NIP, Kamarulzaman NH, Sanny M. Assessment of multi-mycotoxin contamination throughout the supply chain of maize-based poultry feed from selected regions of Malaysia by LC-MS/MS.. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022 Apr;39(4):777-787.
    doi: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2036821pubmed: 35302923google scholar: lookup
  5. Milićević D, Nastasijevic I, Petrovic Z. Mycotoxin in the food supply chain-implications for public health program.. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev 2016 Oct;34(4):293-319.
    doi: 10.1080/10590501.2016.1236607pubmed: 27717290google scholar: lookup
  6. Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, De Saeger S, Eriksen GS, Farmer P, Fremy JM, Gong YY, Meyer K, Naegeli H, Parent-Massin D, Rietjens I, van Egmond H, Altieri A, Eskola M, Gergelova P, Ramos Bordajandi L, Benkova B, Dörr B, Gkrillas A, Gustavsson N, van Manen M, Edler L. Risks to human and animal health related to the presence of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified forms in food and feed.. EFSA J 2017 Sep;15(9):e04718.
    pmc: PMC7010102pubmed: 32625635doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4718google scholar: lookup
  7. Dai Y, Xie H, Xu Y. Evaluation of deoxynivalenol-induced toxic effects on mouse endometrial stromal cells: Cell apoptosis and cell cycle.. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017 Jan 29;483(1):572-577.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.103pubmed: 27998766google scholar: lookup
  8. Hou S, Ma J, Cheng Y, Wang H, Sun J, Yan Y. The toxicity mechanisms of DON to humans and animals and potential biological treatment strategies.. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023;63(6):790-812.
    doi: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1954598pubmed: 34520302google scholar: lookup
  9. Mishra S, Srivastava S, Dewangan J, Divakar A, Kumar Rath S. Global occurrence of deoxynivalenol in food commodities and exposure risk assessment in humans in the last decade: a survey.. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020;60(8):1346-1374.
    doi: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1571479pubmed: 30761910google scholar: lookup
  10. Ji F, Xu J, Liu X, Yin X, Shi J. Natural occurrence of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in wheat from Jiangsu province, China.. Food Chem 2014 Aug 15;157:393-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.058pubmed: 24679796google scholar: lookup
  11. Birr T, Jensen T, Preußke N, Sönnichsen FD, De Boevre M, De Saeger S, Hasler M, Verreet JA, Klink H. Occurrence of Fusarium Mycotoxins and Their Modified Forms in Forage Maize Cultivars.. Toxins (Basel) 2021 Feb 2;13(2).
    doi: 10.3390/toxins13020110pmc: PMC7913079pubmed: 33540691google scholar: lookup
  12. Righetti L, Damiani T, Rolli E, Galaverna G, Suman M, Bruni R, Dall'Asta C. Exploiting the potential of micropropagated durum wheat organs as modified mycotoxin biofactories: The case of deoxynivalenol.. Phytochemistry 2020 Feb;170:112194.
    doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112194pubmed: 31731239google scholar: lookup
  13. Ji X, Qiao Y, Zheng W, Jiang H, Yao W. Deoxynivalenol interferes with intestinal motility via injuring the contractility of enteric smooth muscle cells: A novel hazard to the gastrointestinal tract by environmental toxins.. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021 Aug 16;224:112656.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112656pubmed: 34411815google scholar: lookup
  14. Al-Jaal BA, Jaganjac M, Barcaru A, Horvatovich P, Latiff A. Aflatoxin, fumonisin, ochratoxin, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol biomarkers in human biological fluids: A systematic literature review, 2001-2018.. Food Chem Toxicol 2019 Jul;129:211-228.
    doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.047pubmed: 31034935google scholar: lookup
  15. Pestka JJ, Smolinski AT. Deoxynivalenol: toxicology and potential effects on humans.. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2005 Jan-Feb;8(1):39-69.
    pubmed: 15762554doi: 10.1080/10937400590889458google scholar: lookup
  16. Bonnet MS, Roux J, Mounien L, Dallaporta M, Troadec JD. Advances in deoxynivalenol toxicity mechanisms: the brain as a target.. Toxins (Basel) 2012 Nov 1;4(11):1120-38.
    doi: 10.3390/toxins4111120pmc: PMC3509700pubmed: 23202308google scholar: lookup
  17. McCormick SP. Microbial detoxification of mycotoxins.. J Chem Ecol 2013 Jul;39(7):907-18.
    doi: 10.1007/s10886-013-0321-0pubmed: 23846184google scholar: lookup
  18. Guo H, Ji J, Wang JS, Sun X. Deoxynivalenol: Masked forms, fate during food processing, and potential biological remedies.. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020 Mar;19(2):895-926.
    doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12545pubmed: 33325179google scholar: lookup
  19. Gao X, Mu P, Zhu X, Chen X, Tang S, Wu Y, Miao X, Wang X, Wen J, Deng Y. Dual Function of a Novel Bacterium, Slackia sp. D-G6: Detoxifying Deoxynivalenol and Producing the Natural Estrogen Analogue, Equol.. Toxins (Basel) 2020 Jan 26;12(2).
    doi: 10.3390/toxins12020085pmc: PMC7076803pubmed: 31991913google scholar: lookup
  20. Maidana LG, Gerez J, Pinho F, Garcia S, Bracarense APFL. Lactobacillus plantarum culture supernatants improve intestinal tissue exposed to deoxynivalenol.. Exp Toxicol Pathol 2017 Oct 2;69(8):666-671.
    doi: 10.1016/j.etp.2017.06.005pubmed: 28774728google scholar: lookup
  21. He C, Fan Y, Liu G, Zhang H. Isolation and identification of a strain of Aspergillus tubingensis with deoxynivalenol biotransformation capability.. Int J Mol Sci 2008 Dec;9(12):2366-2375.
    doi: 10.3390/ijms9122366pmc: PMC2635639pubmed: 19330081google scholar: lookup
  22. Carere J, Hassan YI, Lepp D, Zhou T. The enzymatic detoxification of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol: identification of DepA from the DON epimerization pathway.. Microb Biotechnol 2018 Nov;11(6):1106-1111.
    doi: 10.1111/1751-7915.12874pmc: PMC6196400pubmed: 29148251google scholar: lookup
  23. Carere J, Hassan YI, Lepp D, Zhou T. The Identification of DepB: An Enzyme Responsible for the Final Detoxification Step in the Deoxynivalenol Epimerization Pathway in Devosia mutans 17-2-E-8.. Front Microbiol 2018;9:1573.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01573pmc: PMC6056672pubmed: 30065709google scholar: lookup
  24. Islam R, Zhou T, Young JC, Goodwin PH, Pauls KP. Aerobic and anaerobic de-epoxydation of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol by bacteria originating from agricultural soil.. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012 Jan;28(1):7-13.
    doi: 10.1007/s11274-011-0785-4pubmed: 22806774google scholar: lookup
  25. Völkl A, Vogler B, Schollenberger M, Karlovsky P. Microbial detoxification of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol.. J Basic Microbiol 2004;44(2):147-56.
    doi: 10.1002/jobm.200310353pubmed: 15069674google scholar: lookup
  26. Gao H, Niu JF, Yang H, Lu ZX, Chen MR, Lv FX. High-throughput sequencing analysis of vomitoxin-degrading bacteria in bacterial consortium.. Food Sci. 2021;42:123–130.
  27. Hassan YI, Lepp D, Zhou T. Genome Assemblies of Three Soil-Associated Devosia species: D. insulae, D. limi, and D. soli.. Genome Announc 2015 May 21;3(3).
    doi: 10.1128/genomeA.00514-15pmc: PMC4440970pubmed: 25999556google scholar: lookup
  28. Zhu Y, Hassan YI, Lepp D, Shao S, Zhou T. Strategies and Methodologies for Developing Microbial Detoxification Systems to Mitigate Mycotoxins.. Toxins (Basel) 2017 Apr 7;9(4).
    doi: 10.3390/toxins9040130pmc: PMC5408204pubmed: 28387743google scholar: lookup
  29. Li XZ, Zhu C, de Lange CF, Zhou T, He J, Yu H, Gong J, Young JC. Efficacy of detoxification of deoxynivalenol-contaminated corn by Bacillus sp. LS100 in reducing the adverse effects of the mycotoxin on swine growth performance.. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011;28(7):894-901.
    doi: 10.1080/19440049.2011.576402pubmed: 21614709google scholar: lookup
  30. He P, Young LG, Forsberg C. Microbial transformation of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin).. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992 Dec;58(12):3857-63.
    doi: 10.1128/aem.58.12.3857-3863.1992pmc: PMC183194pubmed: 1476428google scholar: lookup
  31. He JW, Hassan YI, Perilla N, Li XZ, Boland GJ, Zhou T. Bacterial Epimerization as a Route for Deoxynivalenol Detoxification: the Influence of Growth and Environmental Conditions.. Front Microbiol 2016;7:572.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00572pmc: PMC4838601pubmed: 27148248google scholar: lookup
  32. Sato I, Ito M, Ishizaka M, Ikunaga Y, Sato Y, Yoshida S, Koitabashi M, Tsushima S. Thirteen novel deoxynivalenol-degrading bacteria are classified within two genera with distinct degradation mechanisms.. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012 Feb;327(2):110-7.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02461.xpubmed: 22098388google scholar: lookup
  33. Shima J, Takase S, Takahashi Y, Iwai Y, Fujimoto H, Yamazaki M, Ochi K. Novel detoxification of the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol by a soil bacterium isolated by enrichment culture.. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997 Oct;63(10):3825-30.
    doi: 10.1128/aem.63.10.3825-3830.1997pmc: PMC168691pubmed: 9327545google scholar: lookup
  34. He JW, Bondy GS, Zhou T, Caldwell D, Boland GJ, Scott PM. Toxicology of 3-epi-deoxynivalenol, a deoxynivalenol-transformation product by Devosia mutans 17-2-E-8.. Food Chem Toxicol 2015 Oct;84:250-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.09.003pubmed: 26363308google scholar: lookup
  35. Ikunaga Y, Sato I, Grond S, Numaziri N, Yoshida S, Yamaya H, Hiradate S, Hasegawa M, Toshima H, Koitabashi M, Ito M, Karlovsky P, Tsushima S. Nocardioides sp. strain WSN05-2, isolated from a wheat field, degrades deoxynivalenol, producing the novel intermediate 3-epi-deoxynivalenol.. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011 Jan;89(2):419-27.
    doi: 10.1007/s00253-010-2857-zpmc: PMC3291841pubmed: 20857291google scholar: lookup
  36. . Evaluation of Disposal Options for Fusarium-Damaged Grain and Screenings.. Prairie Agricultural Machinery Institue (PAMI); Humboldt, SK, Canada: 2017. Project No. R8415.
  37. Du G, Liu L, Guo Q, Cui Y, Chen H, Yuan Y, Wang Z, Gao Z, Sheng Q, Yue T. Microbial community diversity associated with Tibetan kefir grains and its detoxification of Ochratoxin A during fermentation.. Food Microbiol 2021 Oct;99:103803.
    doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103803pubmed: 34119096google scholar: lookup
  38. Ahad R, Zhou T, Lepp D, Pauls KP. Microbial detoxification of eleven food and feed contaminating trichothecene mycotoxins.. BMC Biotechnol 2017 Mar 15;17(1):30.
    doi: 10.1186/s12896-017-0352-7pmc: PMC5351178pubmed: 28298196google scholar: lookup
  39. Wilson NM, McMaster N, Gantulga D, Soyars C, McCormick SP, Knott K, Senger RS, Schmale DG. Modification of the Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol Using Microorganisms Isolated from Environmental Samples.. Toxins (Basel) 2017 Apr 15;9(4).
    doi: 10.3390/toxins9040141pmc: PMC5408215pubmed: 28420137google scholar: lookup
  40. Carter M.R., Gregorich E.G. In: Soil Sampling and Method of Analysis, Second Edition. 2nd ed. Taylor & Francis, Group, editor. CRC Press; Boca Raton, FL, USA: 2007.
    doi: 10.1201/9781420005271google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 8 times.
  1. Valenti I, Tini F, Sevarika M, Agazzi A, Beccari G, Bellezza I, Ederli L, Grottelli S, Pasquali M, Romani R, Saracchi M, Covarelli L. Impact of Enniatin and Deoxynivalenol Co-Occurrence on Plant, Microbial, Insect, Animal and Human Systems: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Toxins (Basel) 2023 Apr 6;15(4).
    doi: 10.3390/toxins15040271pubmed: 37104209google scholar: lookup
  2. Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Del Mazo JKCJ, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Leblanc JC, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Dänicke S, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Rovesti E, Steinkellner H, Hoogenboom LR. Assessment of information as regards the toxicity of deoxynivalenol for horses and poultry. EFSA J 2023 Feb;21(2):e07806.
    doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7806pubmed: 36751491google scholar: lookup
  3. Bumunang EW, Stanford K, Wang Y, Ellert B, Waldner M, Alexander TW. Bacterial Microbiota in Soil Amended with Deoxynivalenol-Contaminated Wheat. Toxins (Basel) 2025 Nov 22;17(12).
    doi: 10.3390/toxins17120565pubmed: 41441602google scholar: lookup
  4. Wróbel M, Dąbrowski M, Łuczyński M, Waśkiewicz K, Bakuła T, Nowicki Ł, Zielonka Ł. Bioconversion of Deoxynivalenol by Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) Larvae: Implications for Feed Safety and Nutritional Value. Toxins (Basel) 2025 Sep 25;17(10).
    doi: 10.3390/toxins17100478pubmed: 41150179google scholar: lookup
  5. Zheng CC, Gao L, Sun H, Zhao XY, Gao ZQ, Liu J, Guo W. Advancements in enzymatic reaction-mediated microbial transformation. Heliyon 2024 Oct 15;10(19):e38187.
    doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38187pubmed: 39430465google scholar: lookup
  6. Yao F, Du Y, Tian S, Chang G, Zhang Y, Zhu R, Cai C, Shao S, Zhou T. Identification and characterization of Achromobacter spanius P-9 and elucidation of its deoxynivalenol-degrading potential. Arch Microbiol 2024 Mar 18;206(4):178.
    doi: 10.1007/s00203-024-03864-1pubmed: 38498224google scholar: lookup
  7. Kuo J, Liu D, Wen WH, Chiu CY, Chen W, Wu YW, Lai FT, Lin CH. Different microbial communities in paddy soils under organic and nonorganic farming. Braz J Microbiol 2024 Mar;55(1):777-788.
    doi: 10.1007/s42770-023-01218-5pubmed: 38147271google scholar: lookup
  8. Zheng Y, Gao B, Wu J, Wang X, Han B, Tao H, Liu J, Wang Z, Wang J. Degradation of deoxynivalenol by a microbial consortia C1 from duck intestine. Mycotoxin Res 2024 Feb;40(1):147-158.
    doi: 10.1007/s12550-023-00511-4pubmed: 38064000google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,493 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.