Detection of Leishmania infantum DNA in blood samples of horses (Equus caballus) and donkeys (Equus asinus) by PCR.
- Journal Article
Summary
The study aims to demonstrate the existence of Leishmania infantum, the cause of visceral leishmaniasis, in horses and donkeys in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The researchers’ molecular analysis found L. infantum DNA in approximately 1.87% of horses and 8.33% of donkeys tested.
Study Overview
This study was conducted to explore the presence of Leishmania infantum, a parasite causing visceral leishmaniasis, within horses and donkeys. The researchers worked in areas of Sao Paulo State in Brazil, known for endemic leishmaniases.
- This tropical disease, though mainly affecting humans, can also afflict domesticated and wild animals.
- The infection in horses was initially recognized in South America, but its presence in equines—horses and donkeys—has become more noted in Brazil.
Methodology
The researchers employed a molecular epidemiological survey to recognize the DNA of Leishmania spp. within horses and donkeys.
- The survey included 107 horses and 36 donkeys, all of whom were living in areas known for leishmaniases.
- Blood samples were collected and went through DNA extraction, followed by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) concentrating on the ITS-1 region, an area useful for detecting Leishmania spp.
Results
Following the PCR, there was a detection of Leishmania DNA within the blood samples of some animals.
- Within the group of horses, 1.87% (2 out of 107) returned positive results.
- For the group of donkeys, 8.33% (3 out of 36) had positive results.
- The ITS-1 amplified products were sequenced which confirmed the presence of L. infantum DNA in the tested animals.
Conclusion
The study reveals that horses and donkeys might be susceptible to infection by L. infantum regardless of whether they are in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or non-VL endemic areas in São Paulo State. This suggests a broader reach for the protozoa’s infection potential within these animal populations.
Cite This Article
Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociência Animal, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Zootecnia, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Brazil
- DNA
- Equidae / blood
- Horses / blood
- Leishmania infantum / genetics
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral / diagnosis
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral / veterinary
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
References
- . Leishmaniasis in high-burden countries: an epidemiological update based on data reported in 2014.. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2016 Jun 3;91(22):287-96.
- Ashford RW. The leishmaniases as emerging and reemerging zoonoses.. Int J Parasitol 2000 Nov;30(12-13):1269-81.
- Mazza S. Leishmaniasis cutánea en el caballo y nueva observación de la misma en el perro.. Bol Inst Clin Quir 1927;3:462–464.
- Vexenat JA, Barretto AC, Rosa Ade C, Sales CC, Magalhães AV. [Natural infection of Equus asinus by Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis-Bahia, Brazil].. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1986 Apr-Jun;81(2):237-8.
- Aguilar CM, Rangel EF, Grimaldi Filho G, Momem H. Human, canine and equine leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis in an endemic area in the State of Rio de Janeiro.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1987 Jan-Mar;82(1):143.
- Falqueto A, Varejão JB, Sessa PA. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in a horse (Equus caballus) from endemic area in the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1987 Jul-Sep;82(3):443.
- Oliveira-Neto MP, Pirmez C, Rangel E, Schubach A, Grimaldi Júnior G. An outbreak of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis) in a periurban area of Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil: clinical and epidemiological studies.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1988 Oct-Dec;83(4):427-35.
- Follador I, Araujo C, Cardoso MA, Tavares-Neto J, Barral A, Miranda JC, Bittencourt A, Carvalho EM. [Outbreak of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Canoa, Santo Amaro, Bahia, Brazil].. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1999 Sep-Oct;32(5):497-503.
- Brandão-Filho SP, Brito ME, Carvalho FG, Ishikawa EA, Cupolillo E, Floeter-Winter L, Shaw JJ. Wild and synanthropic hosts of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in the endemic cutaneous leishmaniasis locality of Amaraji, Pernambuco State, Brazil.. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2003 May-Jun;97(3):291-6.
- Vedovello Filho D, Jorge FA, Lonardoni MV, Teodoro U, Silveira TG. American cutaneous leishmaniasis in horses from endemic areas in the north-central mesoregion of Paraná state, Brazil.. Zoonoses Public Health 2008 Apr;55(3):149-55.
- Truppel JH, Otomura F, Teodoro U, Massafera R, da Costa-Ribeiro MC, Catarino CM, Dalagrana L, Costa Ferreira ME, Thomaz-Soccol V. Can equids be a reservoir of Leishmania braziliensis in endemic areas?. PLoS One 2014;9(4):e93731.
- Yoshida EL, Correa FM, Marques SA, Stolf HO, Dillon NL, Momen H, Grimaldi G Jr. Human, canine and equine (Equus caballus) leishmaniasis due to Leishmania braziliensis (= L. braziliensis braziliensis) in the south-west region of São Paulo State, Brazil.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1990 Jan-Mar;85(1):133-4.
- Bonfante-Garrido R, Meléndez E, Barroeta S, de Alejos MA, Momen H, Cupolillo E, McMahon-Pratt D, Grimaldi G Jr. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in western Venezuela caused by infection with Leishmania venezuelensis and L. braziliensis variants.. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1992 Mar-Apr;86(2):141-8.
- Soares IR, Silva SO, Moreira FM, Prado LG, Fantini P, Maranhão Rde P, da Silva Filho JM, Melo MN, Palhares MS. First evidence of autochthonous cases of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in horse (Equus caballus) in the Americas and mixed infection of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis.. Vet Parasitol 2013 Nov 8;197(3-4):665-9.
- Benassi JC, Benvenga GU, Ferreira HL, Pereira VF, Keid LB, Soares R, Oliveira TMFS. Detection of Leishmania infantum DNA in conjunctival swabs of cats by quantitative real-time PCR.. Exp Parasitol 2017 Jun;177:93-97.
- Koehler K, Stechele M, Hetzel U, Domingo M, Schönian G, Zahner H, Burkhardt E. Cutaneous leishmaniosis in a horse in southern Germany caused by Leishmania infantum.. Vet Parasitol 2002 Oct 16;109(1-2):9-17.
- Gama A, Elias J, Ribeiro AJ, Alegria N, Schallig HD, Silva F, Santarém N, Cardoso L, Cotovio M. Cutaneous leishmaniosis in a horse from northern Portugal.. Vet Parasitol 2014 Feb 24;200(1-2):189-92.
- Benassi JC, Benvenga GU, Ferreira HL, Soares RM, Silva DT, Pereira VF. Molecular and serological detection of Leishmania spp. in horses from an endemic area for canine visceral leishmaniasis in southeastern Brazil.. Pesq Veter Bras 2018;38:1058–1063.
- Limeira CH, Alves CJ, Azevedo SS, Santos CSAB, Melo MA, Soares RR, Barnabé NNDC, Rodrigues GQ. Clinical aspects and diagnosis of leishmaniasis in equids: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2019 Oct-Dec;28(4):574-581.
- Mhadhbi M, Sassi A. Infection of the equine population by Leishmania parasites.. Equine Vet J 2020 Jan;52(1):28-33.
- Manna L, Reale S, Viola E, Vitale F, Foglia Manzillo V, Pavone LM, Caracappa S, Gravino AE. Leishmania DNA load and cytokine expression levels in asymptomatic naturally infected dogs.. Vet Parasitol 2006 Dec 20;142(3-4):271-80.
- el Tai NO, Osman OF, el Fari M, Presber W, Schönian G. Genetic heterogeneity of ribosomal internal transcribed spacer in clinical samples of Leishmania donovani spotted on filter paper as revealed by single-strand conformation polymorphisms and sequencing.. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2000 Sep-Oct;94(5):575-9.
- Barbosa-Santos EG, Marzochi MC, Urtado W, Queirós F, Chicarino J, Pacheco RS. Leishmaniasis disseminated by Leishmania braziliensis in a mare (Equus cabalus) immunotherapy and chemotherapy assays.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1994 Apr-Jun;89(2):217-20.
- Villalobos EM, Carvalho PR, Lara MC, Marques EC, Souza MC, Felicio PS. Prevalence of immune response of healthy equines with antibodies anti Leishmania chagasi in an endemic area of leishmaniasis.. Middle-East J Sci Res 2010;5:520–534.
- Feitosa FL, Leal J, Mendes LC, Peiró JR, Perri SH, Lima VM. Estudo soroepidemiológico de leishmaniose em equinos na região de Araçatuba-SP, Brasil, área endêmica para leishmaniose visceral.. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci 2012;49:500–502.
- Magalhães NA, Ribeiro FH, Oliveira EG, Martins AP, Sá JA, Junior, Silva LS. Equídeos infectados por Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum na área endêmica de Teresina, Piauí, Brasil.. Rev Bras Cien Vet 2016;23:163–167.
- Evers F, Ferreira FP, Navarro IT, Mitsuka-Breganó R, Pagliari S, Monica TC. Presence of anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies in slaughter horses in Brazil.. Semina Cien Agr 2017;38:3921–3926.
- Oliveira PM, Garcia F, Evers F, Barbosa VM, Obando DC, Nasciutti NR. Seroepidemiology of Leishmania spp. in equids from Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.. Cien Rural 2017;47:e20160697.
- Escobar TA, Dowich G, Dos Santos TP, Zuravski L, Duarte CA, Lübeck I, Manfredini V. Assessment of Leishmania infantum infection in equine populations in a canine visceral leishmaniosis transmission area.. BMC Vet Res 2019 Oct 30;15(1):381.
- Duarte R, Theophilo FA, Marzochi MC, Ferreira FC, Oliveira MR, Mendes FA. Sorologia para leishmaniose em eqüinos no município do Rio de Janeiro.. 8Bol Divulg Tec Cien 2000;2.
- Ferreira FP, Caldart ET, Brito DR, Chaves DP, Garcia JL, Navarro IT. “Baixadeiros” horses: prevalence of anti-Trypanosoma spp. and anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies.. Cien Anim Bras 2018;19.
- Barata RA, França-Silva JC, Mayrink W, Silva JC, Prata A, Lorosa ES, Fiúza JA, Gonçalves CM, Paula KM, Dias ES. [Aspects of the ecology and behaviour of phlebotomines in endemic area for visceral leishmaniasis in State of Minas Gerais].. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2005 Sep-Oct;38(5):421-5.
- Guimarães-E-Silva AS, Silva SO, Ribeiro da Silva RC, Pinheiro VCS, Rebêlo JMM, Melo MN. Leishmania infection and blood food sources of phlebotomines in an area of Brazil endemic for visceral and tegumentary leishmaniasis.. PLoS One 2017;12(8):e0179052.
- Oliveira-Pereira YN, Moraes JL, Lorosa ES, Rebêlo JM. [Feeding preference of sand flies in the Amazon, Maranhão State, Brazil].. Cad Saude Publica 2008 Sep;24(9):2183-6.
- Lopes AP, Sousa S, Dubey JP, Ribeiro AJ, Silvestre R, Cotovio M, Schallig HD, Cardoso L, Cordeiro-da-Silva A. Prevalence of antibodies to Leishmania infantum and Toxoplasma gondii in horses from the north of Portugal.. Parasit Vectors 2013 Jun 17;6:178.
- Nardoni S, Altomonte I, Salari F, Martini M, Mancianti F. Serological and Molecular Findings of Leishmania Infection in Healthy Donkeys (Equus asinus) from a Canine Leishmaniosis Endemic Focus in Tuscany, Italy: A Preliminary Report.. Pathogens 2019 Jul 9;8(3).
- Vioti G, Leonel JAF, Lemes KM, Pereira VF, Ferreira HL, Keid LB, Madureira EH, Soares RM, Benassi JC, Oliveira TMFS. Molecular detection of Leishmania spp. in cattle from Brazil by means of PCR using internal transcribed spacer 1.. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2019 Jun 13;28(2):303-305.
- Kouam MK, Diakou A, Kanzoura V, Papadopoulos E, Gajadhar AA, Theodoropoulos G. A seroepidemiological study of exposure to Toxoplasma, Leishmania, Echinococcus and Trichinella in equids in Greece and analysis of risk factors.. Vet Parasitol 2010 May 28;170(1-2):170-5.
- Cerqueira EJ, Sherlock I, Gusmão A, Barbosa Júnior Ade A, Nakatani M. [Experimental infection of Equus asinus with Leishmania chagasi Cunha & Chagas, 1937].. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2003 Nov-Dec;36(6):695-701.
Citations
This article has been cited 1 times.- Dutra-Rêgo F, Silva MSD, Isnard AP, Medeiros JF, Andrade Filho JD, Freire ML. You are what you eat: a systematic review exploring the interaction between Brazilian sand flies and their vertebrate food sources. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2024;119:e240055.