FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Pathogens / Detection of Leishmania spp. in Chronic Dermatitis: Retrospe...
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2022; 11(6); 634; doi: 10.3390/pathogens11060634

Detection of Leishmania spp. in Chronic Dermatitis: Retrospective Study in Exposed Horse Populations.

Abstract: is a protozoan causing human zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) and visceral-cutaneous canine leishmaniosis (CanL) in the Mediterranean Basin. is able to infect a large number of wild and domestic species, including cats, dogs, and horses. Since the 1990s, clinical cases of equine leishmaniasis (EL), typically characterized by cutaneous forms, have been increasingly diagnosed worldwide. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of clinical forms of EL in CanL-endemic areas in Italy, where exposure of equine populations was ascertained from recent serological surveys. For this purpose, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded skin biopsies of 47 horses presenting chronic dermatitis compatible with EL were retrospectively selected for the study and subjected to conventional and q-PCR. A singular positivity for was found; BLAST analysis of sequence amplicons revealed a 99-100% homology with sequences. The histological examination revealed a nodular lymphoplasmacytic and histiocytic infiltrate; immunohistochemistry showed rare macrophages containing numerous positive amastigotes. The present retrospective study reports, for the first time, a case of a cutaneous lesion by occurring in an Italian horse. Pathological and healthy skin samples should be investigated on a larger scale to provide information on the potential clinical impact of EL in the practice, and to define the role of horses in epidemiological ZVL and CanL scenarios.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-05-31 PubMed ID: 35745488PubMed Central: PMC9227255DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060634Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article is about a study on Leishmania spp. presence in horses in certain areas of Italy that are known to have canine leishmaniosis.

Research Objective

  • The primary objective of this research was to evaluate the existence of equine leishmaniasis, a skin disease in horses, in regions of Italy where visceral and cutaneous canine leishmaniosis is endemic.

Method

  • The researchers conducted a retrospective analysis of skin biopsies from 47 horses that were presented with chronic dermatitis symptoms similar to equine leishmaniasis.
  • The samples were formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded prior to being checked using both convention and q-PCR techniques for the presence of Leishmania spp..

Findings

  • One of the horses under investigation was found to be singularly positive for Leishmania spp..
  • The researchers conducted a BLAST analysis using the observed sequence amplicons and discovered that they had 99-100% homology with known Leishmania sequences.
  • The histology of the positive specimen showed a nodular lymphoplasmacytic and histiocytic infiltrate, with positive amastigotes observed in rare macrophages.

Significance and Recommendations

  • This research study is the first to report a cutaneous lesion caused by Leishmania spp. in any Italian horse.
  • Given this finding, the researchers recommend that larger scale investigations should be done on both healthy and pathological skin samples to determine the exact clinical impact of equine leishmaniasis in Italy.
  • This information is essential when examining the role that horses may play in the epidemiological mapping of both zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis and canine leishmaniosis in the region.

Cite This Article

APA
Gazzonis AL, Morganti G, Porcellato I, Roccabianca P, Avallone G, Gavaudan S, Canonico C, Rigamonti G, Brachelente C, Veronesi F. (2022). Detection of Leishmania spp. in Chronic Dermatitis: Retrospective Study in Exposed Horse Populations. Pathogens, 11(6), 634. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11060634

Publication

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2076-0817
NlmUniqueID: 101596317
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 6
PII: 634

Researcher Affiliations

Gazzonis, Alessia Libera
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy.
Morganti, Giulia
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
Porcellato, Ilaria
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
Roccabianca, Paola
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy.
Avallone, Giancarlo
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
Gavaudan, Stefano
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via Varano 286, 60100 Ancona, Italy.
Canonico, Cristina
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via Varano 286, 60100 Ancona, Italy.
Rigamonti, Giulia
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
Brachelente, Chiara
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
Veronesi, Fabrizia
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 51 references
  1. World Health Organization Leishmaniasis. 2021. [(accessed on 30 December 2021)]. Available online: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis.
  2. Maroli M, Rossi L, Baldelli R, Capelli G, Ferroglio E, Genchi C, Gramiccia M, Mortarino M, Pietrobelli M, Gradoni L. The northward spread of leishmaniasis in Italy: evidence from retrospective and ongoing studies on the canine reservoir and phlebotomine vectors.. Trop Med Int Health 2008 Feb;13(2):256-64.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01998.xpubmed: 18304273google scholar: lookup
  3. Morosetti G, Toson M, Trevisiol K, Idrizi I, Natale A, Lucchese L, Michelutti A, Ceschi P, Lorenzi G, Piffer C, Fiorentino E, Bongiorno G, Gradoni L. Canine leishmaniosis in the Italian northeastern Alps: A survey to assess serological prevalence in dogs and distribution of phlebotomine sand flies in the Autonomous Province of Bolzano - South Tyrol, Italy.. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2020 Jul;21:100432.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100432pubmed: 32862903google scholar: lookup
  4. Lobsiger L, Müller N, Schweizer T, Frey CF, Wiederkehr D, Zumkehr B, Gottstein B. An autochthonous case of cutaneous bovine leishmaniasis in Switzerland.. Vet Parasitol 2010 May 11;169(3-4):408-14.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.01.022pubmed: 20153118google scholar: lookup
  5. Millán J, Ferroglio E, Solano-Gallego L. Role of wildlife in the epidemiology of Leishmania infantum infection in Europe.. Parasitol Res 2014 Jun;113(6):2005-14.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-014-3929-2pubmed: 24804923google scholar: lookup
  6. Iatta R, Furlanello T, Colella V, Tarallo VD, Latrofa MS, Brianti E, Trerotoli P, Decaro N, Lorusso E, Schunack B, Mirò G, Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D. A nationwide survey of Leishmania infantum infection in cats and associated risk factors in Italy.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019 Jul;13(7):e0007594.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007594pmc: PMC6667148pubmed: 31306417google scholar: lookup
  7. Mhadhbi M, Sassi A. Infection of the equine population by Leishmania parasites.. Equine Vet J 2020 Jan;52(1):28-33.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13178pubmed: 31498914google scholar: lookup
  8. Pennisi MG, Persichetti MF. Feline leishmaniosis: Is the cat a small dog?. Vet Parasitol 2018 Feb 15;251:131-137.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.01.012pmc: PMC7130840pubmed: 29426470google scholar: lookup
  9. Mazza S. Leishmaniasis cutánea en el caballo y nueva observación de la misma en el perro.. Bol. Univ. B. Aires 1927;3:462–464.
  10. Bonfante-Garrido R, Melendez E, Torres R, Morillo N, Arredondo C, Urdaneta I. Enzootic equine cutaneous leishmaniasis in Venezuela.. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1981;75(3):471.
    doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(81)90123-1pubmed: 7324117google scholar: lookup
  11. Aguilar CM, Fernández E, de Fernández R, Deane LM. Study of an outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Venezuela. The role of domestic animals.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1984 Apr-Jun;79(2):181-95.
    doi: 10.1590/S0074-02761984000200005pubmed: 6535915google scholar: lookup
  12. Aguilar CM, Rangel EF, Deane LM. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is frequent in equines from an endemic area in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1986 Oct-Dec;81(4):471-2.
    doi: 10.1590/S0074-02761986000400015pubmed: 3613980google scholar: lookup
  13. Vexenat JA, Barretto AC, Rosa Ade C. [Experimental infection of Lutzomyia whitmani in dogs infected with Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis].. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1986 Jan-Mar;81(1):125-6.
    doi: 10.1590/S0074-02761986000100017pubmed: 3796276google scholar: lookup
  14. Koehler K, Stechele M, Hetzel U, Domingo M, Schönian G, Zahner H, Burkhardt E. Cutaneous leishmaniosis in a horse in southern Germany caused by Leishmania infantum.. Vet Parasitol 2002 Oct 16;109(1-2):9-17.
    doi: 10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00246-7pubmed: 12383621google scholar: lookup
  15. Solano-Gallego L, Fernández-Bellon H, Serra R, Gállego M, Ramis A, Fondevila D, Ferrer L. Cutaneous leishmaniosis in three horses in Spain.. Equine Vet J 2003 May;35(3):320-3.
    doi: 10.2746/042516403776148336pubmed: 12755438google scholar: lookup
  16. Rolão N, Martins MJ, João A, Campino L. Equine infection with Leishmania in Portugal.. Parasite 2005 Jun;12(2):183-6.
    doi: 10.1051/parasite/2005122183pubmed: 15991833google scholar: lookup
  17. Aguilar CM, Rangel EF, Grimaldi Filho G, Momem H. Human, canine and equine leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis in an endemic area in the State of Rio de Janeiro.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1987 Jan-Mar;82(1):143.
    doi: 10.1590/S0074-02761987000100024pubmed: 3507562google scholar: lookup
  18. Ramos-Vara JA, Ortiz-Santiago B, Segalès J, Dunstan RW. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in two horses.. Vet Pathol 1996 Nov;33(6):731-4.
    doi: 10.1177/030098589603300619pubmed: 8952039google scholar: lookup
  19. Espinosa OA, Serrano MG, Camargo EP, Teixeira MMG, Shaw JJ. An appraisal of the taxonomy and nomenclature of trypanosomatids presently classified as Leishmania and Endotrypanum.. Parasitology 2018 Apr;145(4):430-442.
    doi: 10.1017/S0031182016002092pubmed: 27976601google scholar: lookup
  20. Müller N, Welle M, Lobsiger L, Stoffel MH, Boghenbor KK, Hilbe M, Gottstein B, Frey CF, Geyer C, von Bomhard W. Occurrence of Leishmania sp. in cutaneous lesions of horses in Central Europe.. Vet Parasitol 2009 Dec 23;166(3-4):346-51.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.001pubmed: 19800739google scholar: lookup
  21. Reuss SM, Dunbar MD, Calderwood Mays MB, Owen JL, Mallicote MF, Archer LL, Wellehan JF Jr. Autochthonous Leishmania siamensis in horse, Florida, USA.. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Sep;18(9):1545-7.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1809.120184pmc: PMC3437729pubmed: 22932732google scholar: lookup
  22. Limeira CH, Alves CJ, Azevedo SS, Santos CSAB, Melo MA, Soares RR, Barnabé NNDC, Rodrigues GQ. Clinical aspects and diagnosis of leishmaniasis in equids: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2019 Oct-Dec;28(4):574-581.
    doi: 10.1590/s1984-29612019074pubmed: 31596317google scholar: lookup
  23. Menezes RC, Campos MP, Popielarczyk M, Kiupel M. Cutaneous Leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania martiniquensis in a Horse in Florida.. J Comp Pathol 2019 Nov;173:13-18.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.09.011pubmed: 31812168google scholar: lookup
  24. Falqueto A, Varejão JB, Sessa PA. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in a horse (Equus caballus) from endemic area in the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1987 Jul-Sep;82(3):443.
    doi: 10.1590/S0074-02761987000300020pubmed: 3507577google scholar: lookup
  25. Vedovello Filho D, Jorge FA, Lonardoni MV, Teodoro U, Silveira TG. American cutaneous leishmaniasis in horses from endemic areas in the north-central mesoregion of Paraná state, Brazil.. Zoonoses Public Health 2008 Apr;55(3):149-55.
    pubmed: 18331518doi: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01106.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  26. Soares IR, Silva SO, Moreira FM, Prado LG, Fantini P, Maranhão Rde P, da Silva Filho JM, Melo MN, Palhares MS. First evidence of autochthonous cases of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in horse (Equus caballus) in the Americas and mixed infection of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis.. Vet Parasitol 2013 Nov 8;197(3-4):665-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.06.014pubmed: 23845306google scholar: lookup
  27. Barbosa-Santos EG, Marzochi MC, Urtado W, Queirós F, Chicarino J, Pacheco RS. Leishmaniasis disseminated by Leishmania braziliensis in a mare (Equus cabalus) immunotherapy and chemotherapy assays.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1994 Apr-Jun;89(2):217-20.
    doi: 10.1590/S0074-02761994000200018pubmed: 7885248google scholar: lookup
  28. Fernández-Bellon H, Solano-Gallego L, Bardagí M, Alberola J, Ramis A, Ferrer L. Immune response to Leishmania infantum in healthy horses in Spain.. Vet Parasitol 2006 Jan 30;135(2):181-5.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.09.007pubmed: 16213661google scholar: lookup
  29. Sgorbini M, Bonelli F, Pizzolli I, Tognetti R, Corazza M. Seroprevalence of Leishmania sp. infection in healthy horses housed in endemic areas in Tuscany.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2014;34:572–574.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.09.009google scholar: lookup
  30. Gazzonis AL, Bertero F, Moretta I, Morganti G, Mortarino M, Villa L, Zanzani SA, Morandi B, Rinnovati R, Vitale F, Manfredi MT, Cardoso L, Veronesi F. Detecting antibodies to Leishmania infantum in horses from areas with different epizooticity levels of canine leishmaniosis and a retrospective revision of Italian data.. Parasit Vectors 2020 Oct 22;13(1):530.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04385-8pmc: PMC7583181pubmed: 33092640google scholar: lookup
  31. Di Muccio T, Scalone A, Bruno A, Marangi M, Grande R, Armignacco O, Gradoni L, Gramiccia M. Epidemiology of Imported Leishmaniasis in Italy: Implications for a European Endemic Country.. PLoS One 2015;10(6):e0129418.
    pmc: PMC4482607pubmed: 26114938doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129418google scholar: lookup
  32. Ferroglio E, Battisti E, Zanet S, Bolla C, Concialdi E, Trisciuoglio A, Khalili S, Biglino A. Epidemiological evaluation of Leishmania infantum zoonotic transmission risk in the recently established endemic area of Northwestern Italy.. Zoonoses Public Health 2018 Sep;65(6):675-682.
    doi: 10.1111/zph.12477pubmed: 29745468google scholar: lookup
  33. Sauda F, Malandrucco L, Macrì G, Scarpulla M, De Liberato C, Terracciano G, Fichi G, Berrilli F, Perrucci S. Leishmania infantum, Dirofilaria spp. and other endoparasite infections in kennel dogs in central Italy.. Parasite 2018;25:2.
    doi: 10.1051/parasite/2018001pmc: PMC5793702pubmed: 29388550google scholar: lookup
  34. Mendoza-Roldan J, Benelli G, Panarese R, Iatta R, Furlanello T, Beugnet F, Zatelli A, Otranto D. Leishmania infantum and Dirofilaria immitis infections in Italy, 2009-2019: changing distribution patterns.. Parasit Vectors 2020 Apr 15;13(1):193.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04063-9pmc: PMC7161282pubmed: 32293524google scholar: lookup
  35. Lopes AP, Sousa S, Dubey JP, Ribeiro AJ, Silvestre R, Cotovio M, Schallig HD, Cardoso L, Cordeiro-da-Silva A. Prevalence of antibodies to Leishmania infantum and Toxoplasma gondii in horses from the north of Portugal.. Parasit Vectors 2013 Jun 17;6:178.
    doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-178pmc: PMC3686701pubmed: 23773870google scholar: lookup
  36. Postigo JA. Leishmaniasis in the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region.. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010 Nov;36 Suppl 1:S62-5.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.023pubmed: 20728317google scholar: lookup
  37. Ntais P, Sifaki-Pistola D, Christodoulou V, Messaritakis I, Pratlong F, Poupalos G, Antoniou M. Leishmaniases in Greece.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013 Nov;89(5):906-15.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0070pmc: PMC3820334pubmed: 24062479google scholar: lookup
  38. Ortega-García MV, Salguero FJ, García N, Domínguez M, Moreno I, Berrocal A. Equine infection with Leishmania spp. in Costa Rica: Study of five cases.. Vet Med Sci 2021 Nov;7(6):2234-2239.
    doi: 10.1002/vms3.587pmc: PMC8604103pubmed: 34342158google scholar: lookup
  39. Porcellato I, Morganti G, Antognoni MT, Walczak KM, De Arcangeli S, Furlanello T, Quattrone CB, Veronesi F, Brachelente C. Comparison of immunohistochemical and qPCR methods from granulomatous dermatitis lesions for detection of leishmania in dogs living in endemic areas: a preliminary study.. Parasit Vectors 2022 Mar 24;15(1):104.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-022-05218-6pmc: PMC8944085pubmed: 35331318google scholar: lookup
  40. Gama A, Elias J, Ribeiro AJ, Alegria N, Schallig HD, Silva F, Santarém N, Cardoso L, Cotovio M. Cutaneous leishmaniosis in a horse from northern Portugal.. Vet Parasitol 2014 Feb 24;200(1-2):189-92.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.12.005pubmed: 24388338google scholar: lookup
  41. Carragher DM, Rangel-Moreno J, Randall TD. Ectopic lymphoid tissues and local immunity.. Semin Immunol 2008 Feb;20(1):26-42.
    doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2007.12.004pmc: PMC2276727pubmed: 18243731google scholar: lookup
  42. Yavuzer R, Akyürek N, Ozmen S, Demirtaş Y, Ataoğlu O. Leishmania cutis with B-cell cutaneous hyperplasia.. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001 Dec;108(7):2177-8.
    doi: 10.1097/00006534-200112000-00088pubmed: 11743447google scholar: lookup
  43. Flaig MJ, Rupec RA. Cutaneous pseudolymphoma in association with Leishmania donovani.. Br J Dermatol 2007 Nov;157(5):1042-3.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08129.xpubmed: 17714564google scholar: lookup
  44. Recalcati S, Vezzoli P, Girgenti V, Venegoni L, Veraldi S, Berti E. Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia associated with Leishmania panamensis infection.. Acta Derm Venereol 2010 Jul;90(4):418-9.
    pubmed: 20574614doi: 10.2340/00015555-0893google scholar: lookup
  45. Baneth G, Aroch I. Canine leishmaniasis: a diagnostic and clinical challenge.. Vet J 2008 Jan;175(1):14-5.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.11.011pubmed: 17215150google scholar: lookup
  46. Kouam MK, Diakou A, Kanzoura V, Papadopoulos E, Gajadhar AA, Theodoropoulos G. A seroepidemiological study of exposure to Toxoplasma, Leishmania, Echinococcus and Trichinella in equids in Greece and analysis of risk factors.. Vet Parasitol 2010 May 28;170(1-2):170-5.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.02.004pubmed: 20197215google scholar: lookup
  47. Bongiorno G, Habluetzel A, Khoury C, Maroli M. Host preferences of phlebotomine sand flies at a hypoendemic focus of canine leishmaniasis in central Italy.. Acta Trop 2003 Oct;88(2):109-16.
    doi: 10.1016/S0001-706X(03)00190-6pubmed: 14516922google scholar: lookup
  48. Francino O, Altet L, Sánchez-Robert E, Rodriguez A, Solano-Gallego L, Alberola J, Ferrer L, Sánchez A, Roura X. Advantages of real-time PCR assay for diagnosis and monitoring of canine leishmaniosis.. Vet Parasitol 2006 Apr 30;137(3-4):214-21.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.01.011pubmed: 16473467google scholar: lookup
  49. el Tai NO, Osman OF, el Fari M, Presber W, Schönian G. Genetic heterogeneity of ribosomal internal transcribed spacer in clinical samples of Leishmania donovani spotted on filter paper as revealed by single-strand conformation polymorphisms and sequencing.. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2000 Sep-Oct;94(5):575-9.
    doi: 10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90093-2pubmed: 11132393google scholar: lookup
  50. Vitale F, Reale S, Vitale M, Petrotta E, Torina A, Caracappa S. TaqMan-based detection of Leishmania infantum DNA using canine samples.. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004 Oct;1026:139-43.
    doi: 10.1196/annals.1307.018pubmed: 15604481google scholar: lookup
  51. Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamura K. MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms.. Mol Biol Evol 2018 Jun 1;35(6):1547-1549.
    doi: 10.1093/molbev/msy096pmc: PMC5967553pubmed: 29722887google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Mendes Junior AAV, Filgueira CPB, Miranda LFC, de Almeida AB, Cantanhêde LM, Fagundes A, Pereira SA, Menezes RC, Cupolillo E. First report of Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis in South American territory and confirmation of Leishbunyavirus infecting this parasite in a mare.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2023;118:e220220.
    doi: 10.1590/0074-02760220220pubmed: 37194810google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.