FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Bioact Mater / Development of novel gene carrier using modified nano hydrox...
Bioactive materials2021; 6(9); 2742-2751; doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.01.020

Development of novel gene carrier using modified nano hydroxyapatite derived from equine bone for osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells.

Abstract: Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a representative substance that induces bone regeneration. Our research team extracted nanohydroxyapatite (EH) from natural resources, especially equine bones, and developed it as a molecular biological tool. Polyethylenimine (PEI) was used to coat the EH to develop a gene carrier. To verify that PEI is well coated in the EH, we first observed the morphology and dispersity of PEI-coated EH (pEH) by electron microscopy. The pEH particles were well distributed, while only the EH particles were not distributed and aggregated. Then, the existence of nitrogen elements of PEI on the surface of the pEH was confirmed by EDS, calcium concentration measurement and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Additionally, the pEH was confirmed to have a more positive charge than the 25 kD PEI by comparing the zeta potentials. As a result of pGL3 transfection, pEH was better able to transport genes to cells than 25 kD PEI. After verification as a gene carrier for pEH, we induced osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs by loading the BMP-2 gene in pEH (BMP-2/pEH) and delivering it to the cells. As a result, it was confirmed that osteogenic differentiation was promoted by showing that the expression of osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OCN), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) was significantly increased in the group treated with BMP-2/pEH. In conclusion, we have not only developed a novel nonviral gene carrier that is better performing and less toxic than 25 kD PEI by modifying natural HA (the agricultural byproduct) but also proved that bone differentiation can be effectively promoted by delivering BMP-2 with pEH to stem cells.
© 2021 [The Author/The Authors].
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-02-13 PubMed ID: 33665505PubMed Central: PMC7895645DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.01.020Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study presents the development of a new non-toxic gene carrier made from nanohydroxyapatite extracted from equine bones, capable of promoting bone differentiation when delivering BMP-2 gene to stem cells.

Objective and Methodology

  • This research is focused on the development of a new gene carrier using nanohydroxyapatite (HA) derived from equine bones. HA is known to induce bone regeneration, thus making it a vital substance in promoting osteogenesis.
  • The team modified the nanohydroxyapatite with a coating of polyethylenimine (PEI) to enable it to transport genes to cells effectively, thereby developing it into a molecular tool.
  • Using electron microscopy, the researchers observed the morphology of the coated nanohydroxyapatite (termed pEH) to verify it was well-coated with PEI and that it was dispersed effectively.
  • Additionally, the presence of nitrogen elements from PEI on the surface of the pEH was confirmed through Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), calcium concentration measurement, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR).
  • The zeta potential of pEH was compared with 25 kD PEI, confirming pEH to have a more positive charge, which is crucial for the transportation of genes to cells.
  • pEH’s performance as a gene carrier was compared to 25 kD PEI via pGL3 transfection. It was observed that pEH was more efficient in gene transportation.

Results and Conclusion

  • Further, the study evaluated the efficacy of the pEH as a gene carrier by using it to induce osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs).
  • For this, the BMP-2 gene, which promotes bone growth, was loaded into pEH and delivered to the cells.
  • It was noted that osteogenesis was promoted significantly in the group treated with BMP-2/pEH, proven by the increased expression of osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OCN), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), which are key markers of bone differentiation.
  • In conclusion, the researchers developed a non-toxic and better-performing gene carrier by modifying HA with PEI. Moreover, it was proven that bone differentiation can be effectively induced by delivering BMP-2 with pEH to stem cells.

Cite This Article

APA
Lee MC, Seonwoo H, Jang KJ, Pandey S, Lim J, Park S, Kim JE, Choung YH, Garg P, Chung JH. (2021). Development of novel gene carrier using modified nano hydroxyapatite derived from equine bone for osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells. Bioact Mater, 6(9), 2742-2751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.01.020

Publication

Bioactive materials
ISSN: 2452-199X
NlmUniqueID: 101685294
Country: China
Language: English
Volume: 6
Issue: 9
Pages: 2742-2751

Researcher Affiliations

Lee, Myung Chul
  • Department of Biosystems & Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
Seonwoo, Hoon
  • Department of Industrial Machinery Engineering, Sunchon National University, 315 Maegok-dong, Sunchon, 57922, Republic of Korea.
  • Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea.
Jang, Kyoung Je
  • Division of Agro-system Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
  • Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
Pandey, Shambhavi
  • Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
Lim, Jaewoon
  • Department of Biosystems & Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
Park, Sangbae
  • Department of Biosystems & Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
Kim, Jae Eun
  • Department of Biosystems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
Choung, Yun-Hoon
  • Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
  • Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Bk21 Plus Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
Garg, Pankaj
  • Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
Chung, Jong Hoon
  • Department of Biosystems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
  • Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
  • BK21 Global Smart Farm Educational Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

References

This article includes 57 references
  1. Suchanek W, Yoshimura M. Processing and properties of hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials for use as hard tissue replacement implants.. J. Mater. Res. 2011;13(1):94–117.
  2. De Boer H.H. The history of bone grafts.. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 1988;226:292–298.
    pubmed: 3275515
  3. Zhou H, Lee J. Nanoscale hydroxyapatite particles for bone tissue engineering.. Acta Biomater. 2011;7(7):2769–2781.
    pubmed: 21440094
  4. Poinern G.E, Brundavanam R.K, Mondinos N, Jiang Z.T. Synthesis and characterisation of nanohydroxyapatite using an ultrasound assisted method.. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2009;16(4):469–474.
    pubmed: 19232507
  5. Deville S, Saiz E, Tomsia A.P. Freeze casting of hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.. Biomaterials. 2006;27(32):5480–5489.
    pubmed: 16857254
  6. Wei G, Ma P.X. Structure and properties of nano-hydroxyapatite/polymer composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.. Biomaterials. 2004;25(19):4749–4757.
    pubmed: 15120521
  7. Yoshikawa H, Myoui A. Bone tissue engineering with porous hydroxyapatite ceramics.. J. Artif. Organs. 2005;8(3):131–136.
    pubmed: 16235028
  8. Lim K.-T, Kim J.-W, Kim J, Chung J.H. Development and evaluation of natural hydroxyapatite ceramics produced by the heat treatment of pig bones.. J. Biosyst. Eng. 2014;39(3):227–234.
  9. Jang K.-J, Cho W.J, Seonwoo H, Kim J, Lim K.T, Chung P.-H, Chung J.H. Development and characterization of horse bone-derived natural calcium phosphate powders.. J. Biosyst. Eng. 2014;39(2):122–133.
  10. Kim T.K, Eberwine J.H. Mammalian cell transfection: the present and the future.. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2010;397(8):3173–3178.
    pmc: PMC2911531pubmed: 20549496
  11. Lehrman S. Virus treatment questioned after gene therapy death.. Nature. 1999;401:517–518.
    pubmed: 10524611
  12. Mehier-Humbert S, Guy R.H. Physical methods for gene transfer: improving the kinetics of gene delivery into cells.. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2005;57(5):733–753.
    pubmed: 15757758
  13. Neumann E, Schaefer‐Ridder M, Wang Y, Hofschneider P.H. Gene transfer into mouse lyoma cells by electroporation in high electric fields.. EMBO J. 1982;1(7):841–845.
    pmc: PMC553119pubmed: 6329708
  14. Bao S, Thrall B.D, Miller D.L. Transfection of a reporter plasmid into cultured cells by sonoporation in vitro.. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 1997;23(6):953–959.
    pubmed: 9300999
  15. Klein T.M, Wolf E.D, Wu R, Sanford J.C. High-velocity microprojectiles for delivering nucleic acids into living cells.. Nature. 1987;327(6117):70–73.
    pubmed: 1422046
  16. Terakawa M, Ogura M, Sato S, Wakisaka H, Ashida H, Uenoyama M, Masaki Y, Obara M. Gene transfer into mammalian cells by use of a nanosecond pulsed laser-induced stress wave.. Optic Lett. 2004;29(11):1227–1229.
    pubmed: 15209255
  17. Lee M.C, Seonwoo H, Garg P, Jang K.J, Pandey S, Kim H.B, Park S.B, Ku J.B, Kim J.H, Lim K.T, Chung J.H. Development of a bio-electrospray system for cell and non-viral gene delivery.. RSC Adv. 2018;8(12):6452–6459.
    pmc: PMC9078360pubmed: 35540421
  18. Holmen S.L, Vanbrocklin M.W, Eversole R.R, Stapleton S.R, Ginsberg L.C, Biology-Animal D. Efficient lipid-mediated transfection of DNA into primary rat hepatocytes.. Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 1995;31(5):347–351.
    pubmed: 7633672
  19. Kunath K. Low-molecular-weight polyethylenimine as a non-viral vector for DNA delivery: comparison of physicochemical properties, transfection efficiency and in vivo distribution with high-molecular-weight polyethylenimine.. J. Contr. Release. 2003;89(1):113–125.
    pubmed: 12695067
  20. Fischer D, Bieber T, Li Y, Elsässer H.-P, Kissel T. A novel non-viral vector for DNA delivery based on low molecular weight, branched polyethylenimine: effect of molecular weight on transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity.. Pharmaceut. Res. 1999;16(8):1273–1279.
    pubmed: 10468031
  21. Tram Do T.N, Lee W.-H, Loo C.-Y, Zavgorodniy A.V, Rohanizadeh R.J. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as vectors for gene delivery.. Ther. Deliv. 2012;3(5):623–632.
    pubmed: 22834406
  22. Di Mauro V, Iafisco M, Salvarani N, Vacchiano M, Carullo P, Ramírez-Rodríguez G.B, Patrício T, Tampieri A, Miragoli M, Catalucci D. Bioinspired negatively charged calcium phosphate nanocarriers for cardiac delivery of MicroRNAs.. Nanomedicine. 2016;11(8):891–906.
    pubmed: 26979495
  23. Tan K, Cheang P, Ho I.A, Lam P.Y, Hui K.M. Nanosized bioceramic particles could function as efficient gene delivery vehicles with target specificity for the spleen.. Gene Ther. 2007;14(10):828–835.
    pubmed: 17344903
  24. Lee D, Upadhye K, Kumta P.N. Nano-sized calcium phosphate (CaP) carriers for non-viral gene delivery.. Mater. Sci. Eng., B. 2012;177(3):289–302.
  25. Olton D, Li J, Wilson M.E, Rogers T, Close J, Huang L, Kumta P.N, Sfeir C. Nanostructured calcium phosphates (NanoCaPs) for non-viral gene delivery: influence of the synthesis parameters on transfection efficiency.. Biomaterials. 2007;28(6):1267–1279.
    pubmed: 17123600
  26. Shekhar S, Roy A, Hong D, Kumta P.N. Nanostructured silicate substituted calcium phosphate (NanoSiCaPs) nanoparticles - efficient calcium phosphate based non-viral gene delivery systems.. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 2016;69:486–495.
    pubmed: 27612739
  27. Kong F, Liu G, Zhou S, Guo J, Chen S, Wang Z. Superior transfection efficiency of phagocytic astrocytes by large chitosan/DNA nanoparticles.. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2017;105(Pt 2):1473–1481.
    pubmed: 28619643
  28. Khan M, Ong Z.Y, Wiradharma N, Attia A.B, Yang Y.Y. Advanced materials for co-delivery of drugs and genes in cancer therapy.. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2012;1(4):373–392.
    pubmed: 23184770
  29. Kulkarni J.A, Cullis P.R, van der Meel R. Lipid nanoparticles enabling gene therapies: from concepts to clinical utility.. Nucleic Acid Therapeut. 2018;28(3):146–157.
    pubmed: 29683383
  30. Yue J, Wu J, Liu D, Zhao X, Lu W.W. BMP2 gene delivery to bone mesenchymal stem cell by chitosan-g-PEI nonviral vector.. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2015;10:203.
    pmc: PMC4420764pubmed: 25977673
  31. Zhao X, Li Z, Pan H, Liu W, Lv M, Leung F, Lu W.W. Enhanced gene delivery by chitosan-disulfide-conjugated LMW-PEI for facilitating osteogenic differentiation.. Acta Biomater. 2013;9(5):6694–6703.
    pubmed: 23395816
  32. Barnes G.L, Kostenuik P.J, Gerstenfeld L.C, Einhorn T.A, Research M. Growth factor regulation of fracture repair.. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1999;14(11):1805–1815.
    pubmed: 10571679
  33. Qu D, Li J, Li Y, Gao Y, Zuo Y, Hsu Y, Hu J. Angiogenesis and osteogenesis enhanced by bFGF ex vivo gene therapy for bone tissue engineering in reconstruction of calvarial defects.. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2011;96(3):543–551.
    pubmed: 21254386
  34. Urist M.R. Bone: formation by autoinduction.. Science. 1965;150(3698):893–899.
    pubmed: 5319761
  35. Seeherman H.J, Azari K, Bidic S, Rogers L, Li X.J, Hollinger J.O, Wozney J.M. rhBMP-2 delivered in a calcium phosphate cement accelerates bridging of critical-sized defects in rabbit radii.. J. Bone Joint Surg. 2006;88(7):1553–1565.
    pubmed: 16818982
  36. Jeon O, Song S.J, Yang H.S, Bhang S.H, Kang S.W, Sung M.A, Lee J.H, Kim B.S. Long-term delivery enhances in vivo osteogenic efficacy of bone morphogenetic protein-2 compared to short-term delivery.. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2008;369(2):774–780.
    pubmed: 18313401
  37. Sharmin F, McDermott C, Lieberman J, Sanjay A, Khan Y. Dual growth factor delivery from biofunctionalized allografts: sequential VEGF and BMP-2 release to stimulate allograft remodeling.. J. Orthop. Res. 2017;35(5):1086–1095.
    pubmed: 27155087
  38. Patel J.J, Modes J.E, Flanagan C.L, Krebsbach P.H, Edwards S.P, Hollister S.J. Dual delivery of EPO and BMP2 from a novel modular poly-varepsilon-caprolactone construct to increase the bone formation in prefabricated bone flaps.. Tissue Eng. C Methods. 2015;21(9):889–897.
    pmc: PMC4553374pubmed: 25809081
  39. Liang Z, Luo Y, Lv Y. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived microvesicles mediate BMP2 gene delivery and enhance bone regeneration.. J. Mater. Chem. B. 2020;8(30):6378–6389.
    pubmed: 32633309
  40. Virk M.S, Conduah A, Park S.H, Liu N, Sugiyama O, Cuomo A, Kang C, Lieberman J.R. Influence of short-term adenoviral vector and prolonged lentiviral vector mediated bone morphogenetic protein-2 expression on the quality of bone repair in a rat femoral defect model.. Bone. 2008;42(5):921–931.
    pubmed: 18295562
  41. Musgrave D.S, Bosch P, Lee J.Y, Pelinkovic D, Ghivizzani S.C, Whalen J, Niyibizi C, Huard J. Ex vivo gene therapy to produce bone using different cell types.. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 2000;378:290–305.
    pubmed: 10987005
  42. Park S.Y, Kim K.H, Kim S, Lee Y.M, Seol Y.J. BMP-2 gene delivery-based bone regeneration in dentistry.. Pharmaceutics. 2019;11(8).
    pmc: PMC6723260pubmed: 31387267
  43. Li C.-C, Jhang J.-H, Tsai H.-Y, Huang Y.-P. Water-soluble polyethylenimine as an efficient dispersant for gallium zinc oxide nanopowder in organic-based suspensions.. Powder Technol. 2017;305:226–231.
  44. Tang F, Uchikoshi T, Ozawa K, Sakka Y. Dispersion of SiC suspensions with cationic dispersant of polyethylenimine.. J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn. 2005;113(1321):584–587.
  45. Rulis P, Ouyang L, Ching W.Y. Electronic structure and bonding in calcium apatite crystals: Hydroxyapatite, fluorapatite, chlorapatite, and bromapatite.. Phys. Rev. B. 2004;70(15).
  46. Copeland N.G, Cooper G.M. Transfection by exogenous and endogenous murine retrovirus DNAs.. Cell. 1979;16(2):347–356.
    pubmed: 222457
  47. Chen Q, Shou P, Zhang L, Xu C, Zheng C, Han Y, Li W, Huang Y, Zhang X, Shao C, Roberts A.I, Rabson A.B, Ren G, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Denhardt D.T, Shi Y. An osteopontin‐integrin interaction plays a critical role in directing adipogenesis and osteogenesis by mesenchymal stem cells.. Stem Cell. 2014;32(2):327–337.
    pmc: PMC3961005pubmed: 24123709
  48. Mizuno M, Kuboki Y. Osteoblast-related gene expression of bone marrow cells during the osteoblastic differentiation induced by type I collagen.. J. Biochem. 2001;129(1):133–138.
    pubmed: 11134967
  49. Salim A, Nacamuli R.P, Morgan E.F, Giaccia A.J, Longaker M.T. Transient changes in oxygen tension inhibit osteogenic differentiation and Runx2 expression in osteoblasts.. J. Biol. Chem. 2004;279(38):40007–40016.
    pubmed: 15263007
  50. Jang W.-G, Kim E.-J, Kim D.-K, Ryoo H.-M, Lee K.-B, Kim S.-H, Choi H.-S, Koh J.-T. BMP2 protein regulates osteocalcin expression via Runx2-mediated Atf6 gene transcription.. J. Biol. Chem. 2012;287(2):905–915.
    pmc: PMC3256879pubmed: 22102412
  51. Wang J.-W, Chen C.-Y, Kuo Y.-M. Preparation and characterization of chitosan-coated hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as a promising non-viral vector for gene delivery.. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2011;121(6):3531–3540.
  52. Khan M.A, Wu V.M, Ghosh S, Uskokovic V. Gene delivery using calcium phosphate nanoparticles: optimization of the transfection process and the effects of citrate and poly(l-lysine) as additives.. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2016;471:48–58.
    pmc: PMC4808621pubmed: 26971068
  53. Wu X, Ding D, Jiang H, Xing X, Huang S, Liu H, Chen Z, Sun H. Transfection using hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in the inner ear via an intact round window membrane in chinchilla.. J. Nanoparticle Res. 2012;14(1).
  54. Zhao L, Zhao W, Liu Y, Chen X, Wang Y. Nano-hydroxyapatite-derived drug and gene co-delivery system for anti-angiogenesis therapy of breast cancer.. Med. Sci. Mon. Int. Med. J. Exp. Clin. Res. 2017;23:4723.
    pmc: PMC5635948pubmed: 28968380
  55. Komuro H, Sasano T, Horiuchi N, Yamashita K, Nagai A. The effect of glucose modification of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on gene delivery.. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2019;107(1):61–66.
    pubmed: 30394681
  56. Khalifehzadeh R, Arami H. DNA-templated strontium-doped calcium phosphate nanoparticles for gene delivery in bone cells.. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 2019;5(7):3201–3211.
    pmc: PMC6779169pubmed: 31592442
  57. Bus T, Traeger A, Schubert U.S. The great escape: how cationic polyplexes overcome the endosomal barrier.. J. Mater. Chem. B. 2018;6(43):6904–6918.
    pubmed: 32254575

Citations

This article has been cited 11 times.
  1. Markelov VA, Danilko KV, Solntsev VA, Pyatnitskaya SV, Bilyalov AR. Application of Hydroxyapatite Obtained by Different Techniques: Metabolism and Microarchitecture Characteristics (Review). Sovrem Tekhnologii Med 2024;16(6):60-75.
    doi: 10.17691/stm2024.16.6.06pubmed: 39896152google scholar: lookup
  2. Zhao R, Meng X, Pan Z, Li Y, Qian H, Zhu X, Yang X, Zhang X. Advancements in nanohydroxyapatite: synthesis, biomedical applications and composite developments. Regen Biomater 2025;12:rbae129.
    doi: 10.1093/rb/rbae129pubmed: 39776858google scholar: lookup
  3. Rosa V, Cavalcanti BN, Nör JE, Tezvergil-Mutluay A, Silikas N, Bottino MC, Kishen A, Soares DG, Franca CM, Cooper PR, Duncan HF, Ferracane JL, Watts DC. Guidance for evaluating biomaterials' properties and biological potential for dental pulp tissue engineering and regeneration research. Dent Mater 2025 Mar;41(3):248-264.
    doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.12.003pubmed: 39674710google scholar: lookup
  4. Trayford C, Ibrahim DM, van Rijt S. Ion Doped Hollow Silica Nanoparticles as Promising Oligonucleotide Delivery Systems to Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2024;19:9741-9755.
    doi: 10.2147/IJN.S461167pubmed: 39329032google scholar: lookup
  5. He W, Li C, Zhao S, Li Z, Wu J, Li J, Zhou H, Yang Y, Xu Y, Xia H. Integrating coaxial electrospinning and 3D printing technologies for the development of biphasic porous scaffolds enabling spatiotemporal control in tumor ablation and osteochondral regeneration. Bioact Mater 2024 Apr;34:338-353.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.12.020pubmed: 38274295google scholar: lookup
  6. Bai X, Cao R, Wu D, Zhang H, Yang F, Wang L. Dental Pulp Stem Cells for Bone Tissue Engineering: A Literature Review. Stem Cells Int 2023;2023:7357179.
    doi: 10.1155/2023/7357179pubmed: 37868704google scholar: lookup
  7. Huang H, Qiang L, Fan M, Liu Y, Yang A, Chang D, Li J, Sun T, Wang Y, Guo R, Zhuang H, Li X, Guo T, Wang J, Tan H, Zheng P, Weng J. 3D-printed tri-element-doped hydroxyapatite/ polycaprolactone composite scaffolds with antibacterial potential for osteosarcoma therapy and bone regeneration. Bioact Mater 2024 Jan;31:18-37.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.07.004pubmed: 37593495google scholar: lookup
  8. Qian G, Xiong L, Ye Q. Hydroxyapatite-based carriers for tumor targeting therapy. RSC Adv 2023 May 30;13(24):16512-16528.
    doi: 10.1039/d3ra01476bpubmed: 37274393google scholar: lookup
  9. Yang Z, Wang B, Liu W, Li X, Liang K, Fan Z, Li JJ, Niu Y, He Z, Li H, Wang D, Lin J, Du Y, Lin J, Xing D. In situ self-assembled organoid for osteochondral tissue regeneration with dual functional units. Bioact Mater 2023 Sep;27:200-215.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.04.002pubmed: 37096194google scholar: lookup
  10. Seonwoo H, Choung HW, Park S, Choi KS, Jang KJ, Kim J, Lim KT, Kim Y, Garg P, Pandey S, Lee J, Park JC, Choung YH, Choung PH, Kim SY, Chung JH. Reduced graphene oxide-incorporated calcium phosphate cements with pulsed electromagnetic fields for bone regeneration. RSC Adv 2022 Feb 10;12(9):5557-5570.
    doi: 10.1039/d1ra05717kpubmed: 35425568google scholar: lookup
  11. Siddiqui Z, Acevedo-Jake AM, Griffith A, Kadincesme N, Dabek K, Hindi D, Kim KK, Kobayashi Y, Shimizu E, Kumar V. Cells and material-based strategies for regenerative endodontics. Bioact Mater 2022 Aug;14:234-249.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.11.015pubmed: 35310358google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.