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BMC veterinary research2024; 20(1); 173; doi: 10.1186/s12917-024-04012-z

Development of novel Streptococcus equi vaccines with an assessment of their immunizing potentials and protective efficacies.

Abstract: Strangles is a highly contagious disease of the equine upper respiratory tract caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies. Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (S. equi) and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) was isolated, as local, hot, and field strains, from horses clinically suffering from respiratory distress. The isolated Streptococci were identified using bacteriological and molecular techniques. Four formulations of inactivated S. equi vaccines were developed and evaluated. The first formulation was prepared using the S. equi isolates, adjuvanted with MONTANIDE GEL adjuvant, while the second formulation was adjuvanted with MONTANIDE ISA-70 adjuvant. The other 2 formulations were inactivated combined vaccines prepared from both S. equi and S. zooepidemicus isolates. The 3rd formulation was the combined isolates adjuvanted with MONTANIDE GEL while the 4th formulation was the combined isolates adjuvanted with MONTANIDE ISA-70. The developed vaccines' physical properties, purity, sterility, safety, and potency were ensured. The immunizing efficacy was determined in isogenic BALB/c mice and white New Zealand rabbits using the passive hemagglutination test. Also, the antibodies' titer of the combined S. equi and S. zooepidemicus vaccine adjuvanted with MONTANIDE ISA-70 in foals was tracked using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The protective efficacy of the developed vaccines was determined using a challenge test in both laboratory and field animal models, where a 75% protection rate was achieved. The combined vaccine proved to be more efficacious than the monovalent vaccine. Also, the MONTANIDE ISA-70 adjuvant provided significant protective efficacy than the MONTANIDE GEL. The current work is introducing a very promising mitigative and strategic controlling solution for strangles.
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Publication Date: 2024-05-03 PubMed ID: 38702665PubMed Central: PMC11067117DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04012-zGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This research article focuses on developing new vaccines against strangles, a contagious respiratory disease in horses caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies.
  • It evaluates four different inactivated vaccine formulations for their immunizing potential and protective efficacy using laboratory animals and foals.

Background on Strangles and Streptococcus equi

  • Strangles is a common, highly contagious infection affecting the upper respiratory tract of horses.
  • The disease is caused primarily by Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (S. equi), but Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) can also be involved.
  • The researchers isolated these bacteria strains from horses showing clinical signs of respiratory distress during outbreaks.
  • Both bacteriological culture and molecular methods were used to accurately identify the isolated strains.

Vaccine Development

  • Four different inactivated vaccine formulations were created:
    • Formulation 1: Inactivated S. equi isolates adjuvanted with MONTANIDE GEL.
    • Formulation 2: Inactivated S. equi isolates adjuvanted with MONTANIDE ISA-70.
    • Formulation 3: Combined inactivated S. equi and S. zooepidemicus isolates adjuvanted with MONTANIDE GEL.
    • Formulation 4: Combined inactivated S. equi and S. zooepidemicus isolates adjuvanted with MONTANIDE ISA-70.
  • The adjuvants, MONTANIDE GEL and MONTANIDE ISA-70, are used to enhance immune responses triggered by the vaccines.

Quality Assurance of Vaccines

  • The physical aspects of the vaccines such as appearance and consistency were confirmed to meet standards.
  • Rigorous purity and sterility tests ensured no contamination was present in the vaccine preparations.
  • Safety tests were conducted to confirm that the vaccines did not induce adverse effects in administered animals.
  • Potency tests measured the ability of the vaccine to induce an adequate immune response.

Assessment of Immunogenicity

  • The vaccines were tested in two laboratory animal models: isogenic BALB/c mice and white New Zealand rabbits.
  • Immunizing efficacy was assessed using the passive hemagglutination test, which detects antibody levels against Streptococcus strains.
  • For foals, the immune response to the combined vaccine containing both S. equi and S. zooepidemicus with MONTANIDE ISA-70 was tracked over time using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a sensitive method for antibody detection.

Evaluation of Protective Efficacy

  • The vaccines’ protective abilities were tested via challenge experiments, where animals were exposed to virulent Streptococcus strains after vaccination.
  • Both laboratory and field models were employed to simulate real-world conditions.
  • Results showed up to 75% protection in vaccinated animals, indicating substantial vaccine efficacy.
  • The combined vaccine (S. equi + S. zooepidemicus) demonstrated better protection than the monovalent vaccine (S. equi alone).
  • The formulation using MONTANIDE ISA-70 adjuvant resulted in significantly higher protection compared to the MONTANIDE GEL adjuvant.

Conclusion and Implications

  • This study presents promising new vaccine candidates to control and mitigate strangles in horses.
  • By combining two subspecies of Streptococcus equi and optimizing the choice of adjuvant, improved vaccine efficacy was achieved.
  • The findings suggest that the combined vaccines, particularly with MONTANIDE ISA-70, could form an effective strategic approach for managing strangles outbreaks in equine populations.
  • Further field studies and eventual commercialization could lead to better preventive measures to reduce the incidence and impact of this economically significant equine disease.

Cite This Article

APA
Soliman R, Yousef M, Gelil SA, Aboul-Ella H. (2024). Development of novel Streptococcus equi vaccines with an assessment of their immunizing potentials and protective efficacies. BMC Vet Res, 20(1), 173. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-024-04012-z

Publication

BMC veterinary research
ISSN: 1746-6148
NlmUniqueID: 101249759
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 20
Issue: 1
Pages: 173
PII: 173

Researcher Affiliations

Soliman, Rafik
  • Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
Yousef, Mohamed
  • Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
Gelil, Sara Abdel
  • Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
Aboul-Ella, Hassan
  • Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. hasanabo@cu.edu.eg.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Streptococcus equi / immunology
  • Horses
  • Mice, Inbred BALB C
  • Rabbits
  • Streptococcal Infections / veterinary
  • Streptococcal Infections / prevention & control
  • Streptococcal Infections / microbiology
  • Streptococcal Infections / immunology
  • Mice
  • Horse Diseases / prevention & control
  • Horse Diseases / microbiology
  • Horse Diseases / immunology
  • Streptococcal Vaccines / immunology
  • Streptococcal Vaccines / administration & dosage
  • Female
  • Antibodies, Bacterial / blood
  • Adjuvants, Immunologic / administration & dosage
  • Vaccines, Inactivated / immunology
  • Streptococcus

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

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