Diagnosis of ruptured urinary bladder in a foal by the identification of calcium carbonate crystals in the peritoneal fluid.

The research article discusses the diagnosis and suggestions for treatment of a 3-day-old Quarter Horse colt that showed symptoms of severe depression and discomfort, leading experts to speculate the possible cause as a ruptured urinary bladder. The diagnosis was confirmed through biochemical analysis and microscopic examinations.

Introduction and Diagnosis

• The study begins with the diagnosis of a 3-day-old Quarter Horse colt. The foal exhibited severe clinical signs such as depression, discomfort, and abdominal straining. The abdomen was tense, bloated, and the horse appeared disoriented.
• The initial diagnosis suggested four possible causes for its condition: a ruptured urinary bladder, retained meconium, septicemia/bacteremia, and the neonatal maladjustment syndrome. However, following serum biochemical examination, the horse’s condition was suggestive of a ruptured urinary bladder.
• This examination disclosed abnormal levels of several salts and minerals in the blood, including low sodium and chloride, and moderately high levels of potassium. The urea, creatinine, and phosphorus concentrations were also slightly elevated.

Procedure and Confirmation of Diagnosis

• A procedure known as abdominocentesis was performed on the foal to confirm the suspected diagnosis. This procedure involves inserting a needle into the abdominal cavity to collect fluid for examination.
• Microscopic examination of the abdominal fluid revealed the presence of calcium carbonate crystals, indicative of urine, further suggesting a ruptured urinary bladder.
• To further solidify the diagnosis, a biochemical analysis of the peritoneal fluid drawn from the foal was conducted. This revealed a creatinine to serum creatinine ratio of 2.8:1 – a key indicator of a ruptured urinary bladder.

Outcome

• Despite the timely diagnostic process, the foal unfortunately died before any corrective surgical intervention could take place. The study underscores the importance of urgent medical intervention when this type of clinical profile is seen.