[Diagnostic imaging of the equine cervical spine – Part one: Radiography – A review of the literature on findings and their clinical significance].
Abstract: A number of indications exist that necessitate radiologic examination of the equine cervical spine. Different neurologic and pain-associated clinical signs within the scope of lameness or poor performance may be associated to pathologies of the cervical spine. Moreover, the number of requests for radiographic examinations of the cervical spine, for example as part of the pre-purchase examination, has increased significantly in recent years. However, the interpretation of radiographs represents a challenge, particularly in the case of clinically sound horses, as it often necessitates the resolution of a prognostic question. At present, a number of radiologic findings of the equine cervical spine lack clear clinical significance, as some findings (e. g. [OCD] of the facet joints) also occur in clinically healthy horses. In acute neurologic cases, such as spinal ataxia, radiographic examination of the cervical spine is the imaging procedure of choice. The subjective and objective assessment of radiographs frequently leads to a diagnosis of cervical static myelopathy. Acute trauma, fractures or degenerative processes, may be distinguished from this entity. This literature review presents a summary of the current state of knowledge regarding the interpretation and clinical relevance of radiological findings of the equine cervical spine. Die Indikationen für eine röntgenologische Untersuchung der Halswirbelsäule des Pferdes sind zahlreich, denn unterschiedliche neurologische und schmerzassoziierte Symptome bei Auffälligkeiten in der Bewegung bzw. unter dem Reiter können auf pathologische Veränderungen der Halswirbel zurückgeführt werden. Des Weiteren haben in den vergangenen Jahren die Anfragen nach Röntgenaufnahmen der Halswirbelsäule z. B. im Rahmen der Kaufuntersuchung deutlich zugenommen. Die Interpretation der Röntgenaufnahmen ist jedoch insbesondere bei klinisch unauffälligen Pferden eine Herausforderung, da zumeist auch eine prognostische Fragestellung im Raum steht. Derzeit kann vielen röntgenologischen Befunden der equinen Halswirbelsäule nicht immer eine eindeutige klinische Relevanz zugeordnet werden, da einige Befunde (z. B. [OCD] der Facettengelenke) auch bei klinisch unauffälligen Pferden auftreten. In akuten neurologischen Fällen hingegen, wie z. B. einer spinalen Ataxie, ist die Röntgenuntersuchung der Halswirbelsäule etabliert und wird häufig als erstes bildgebendes Verfahren für eine Übersicht der knöchernen Strukturen angewandt. Sowohl die subjektive als auch die objektive Beurteilung der Röntgenaufnahmen liefert häufig schon den Verdacht einer zervikalen Myelopathie, der durch weitere Untersuchungen (wie z. B. Myelografie bzw. computertomografische Myelografie) verifiziert werden sollte. Dadurch können zumeist akute Traumata wie z. B. Frakturen von degenerativen Prozessen differenziert werden. Die vorliegende Literaturübersicht liefert eine Zusammenfassung des derzeitigen Kenntnisstandes in Bezug auf die Interpretation und klinische Relevanz von röntgenologischen Befunden der Halswirbelsäule.
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Publication Date: 2025-04-15 PubMed ID: 40233774DOI: 10.1055/a-2557-0115Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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Radiographic examination is commonly used to investigate equine cervical spine issues associated with neurological symptoms or lameness, but interpreting these images—especially in asymptomatic horses—remains challenging due to unclear clinical significance of many findings. This literature review summarizes current knowledge about radiographic findings in the equine cervical spine and their clinical relevance in diagnosing conditions such as cervical myelopathy, trauma, or degenerative diseases.
Introduction and Background
- The equine cervical spine can be the source of various clinical signs including neurological deficits and pain-related lameness or performance problems.
- Radiographic imaging (X-rays) is frequently requested, not only for clinical cases but increasingly as part of pre-purchase examinations.
- There are challenges in interpreting cervical spine radiographs, particularly in horses that show no clinical symptoms, where findings may have uncertain prognostic value.
Indications for Radiographic Examination
- Neurologic symptoms such as spinal ataxia (incoordination), which prompt examination to assess spinal cord involvement.
- Pain and lameness potentially linked to cervical spine pathologies.
- Routine pre-purchase checks or performance assessments to detect underlying cervical abnormalities that might affect future soundness.
Challenges in Interpretation
- Many radiologic findings do not have a straightforward clinical significance because they are also present in clinically healthy horses.
- For example, osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) of facet joints may be detected in horses without any clinical symptoms.
- Distinguishing between normal anatomical variations, incidental findings, and clinically relevant pathology can be difficult.
Clinical Utility of Radiography in Acute Neurologic Cases
- In cases of acute neurological decline such as spinal ataxia, radiography is the established first-line imaging technique to evaluate bony structures.
- Through subjective and objective analysis, radiographs can often suggest the presence of cervical static myelopathy.
- Radiography can help differentiate acute trauma (e.g., fractures) from degenerative changes but further imaging (like myelography or CT myelography) is typically required for definitive diagnosis.
Summary of Current Knowledge
- The review consolidates existing research and clinical practice experiences regarding radiographic evaluation of the equine cervical spine.
- It highlights that while radiography is useful, interpretation must be cautious to avoid overdiagnosis or misinterpretation of incidental findings.
- The importance of correlating radiologic findings with clinical examination and possibly advanced imaging techniques is emphasized for appropriate diagnosis and prognosis.
Cite This Article
APA
Hellige M, Geburek F.
(2025).
[Diagnostic imaging of the equine cervical spine – Part one: Radiography – A review of the literature on findings and their clinical significance].
Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere, 53(2), 109-119.
https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2557-0115 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Klinik für Pferde, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover.
- Klinik für Pferde, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover.
MeSH Terms
- Horses
- Animals
- Cervical Vertebrae / diagnostic imaging
- Horse Diseases / diagnostic imaging
- Radiography / veterinary
- Spinal Diseases / diagnostic imaging
- Spinal Diseases / veterinary
- Clinical Relevance
Conflict of Interest Statement
Hiermit erklären die Autoren, dass sie keine geschützten, finanziellen, beruflichen oder anderen persönlichen Interessen haben, welche die im Manuskript dargestellten Inhalte oder Meinungen beeinflussen könnten.Das Literaturverzeichnis findet sich online unterhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-2557-0115.
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