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Journal of forensic sciences2007; 52(2); 249-263; doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00368.x

Differentiating human bone from animal bone: a review of histological methods.

Abstract: This review brings together a complex and extensive literature to address the question of whether it is possible to distinguish human from nonhuman bone using the histological appearance of cortical bone. The mammalian species included are rat, hare, badger, racoon dog, cat, dog, pig, cow, goat, sheep, deer, horse, water buffalo, bear, nonhuman primates, and human and are therefore not exhaustive, but cover those mammals that may contribute to a North American or Eurasian forensic assemblage. The review has demonstrated that differentiation of human from certain nonhuman species is possible, including small mammals exhibiting Haversian bone tissue and large mammals exhibiting plexiform bone tissue. Pig, cow, goat, sheep, horse, and water buffalo exhibit both plexiform and Haversian bone tissue and where only Haversian bone tissue exists in bone fragments, differentiation of these species from humans is not possible. Other primate Haversian bone tissue is also not distinguishable from humans. Where differentiation using Haversian bone tissue is undertaken, both the general microstructural appearance and measurements of histological structures should be applied. Haversian system diameter and Haversian canal diameter are the most optimal and diagnostic measurements to use. Haversian system density may be usefully applied to provide an upper and lower limit for humans.
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Publication Date: 2007-02-24 PubMed ID: 17316219DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00368.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article represents a comprehensive review on the possibility of differentiating human bone from various animal bones using their histological characteristics, specifically focusing on the appearance of cortical bone.

Objective of the Study

The objective of the study was to compile and analyze extensive literature to address the question of whether it is possible to distinguish human from non-human bone based on the histological appearance of cortical bone.

Wide Range of Animal Species

  • The review includes a variety of mammalian species that are commonly found in North American or Eurasian forensic assemblages. These include rat, hare, badger, racoon dog, cat, dog, pig, cow, goat, sheep, deer, horse, water buffalo, bear, non-human primates, and human.

Findings of the Study

The review identifies and analyzes the distinct histological properties of different species’ cortical bone tissue:

  • The research finds that differentiation of human from some non-human species is indeed possible. For instance, small mammals such as rats and hares exhibit Haversian bone tissue, a type of tissue unique to these species.
  • Similarly, large mammals like bears and non-human primates show plexiform bone tissue, another distinct histological characteristic, thereby allowing differentiation.
  • However, for some species like pigs, cows, goats, sheep, horses, and water buffaloes that exhibit both plexiform and Haversian bone tissue, differentiation from humans is not possible when only Haversian bone tissue exists in bone fragments.
  • Furthermore, the research points out that the Haversian bone tissue in other primates is also indistinguishable from humans.

Recommendations for Bone Differentiation

  • The study further recommends that where differentiation using Haversian bone tissue is undertaken, both the general microstructural appearance and measurements of histological structures should be considered.
  • Haversian system diameter and Haversian canal diameter have been identified as the most diagnostic measurements to use for distinction.
  • To provide an upper and lower limit for humans, the application of the Haversian system density is recommended.

In conclusion, this comprehensive review highlights the potential and limitations of using histological methods to differentiate human bone from certain animal bones.

Cite This Article

APA
Hillier ML, Bell LS. (2007). Differentiating human bone from animal bone: a review of histological methods. J Forensic Sci, 52(2), 249-263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00368.x

Publication

Journal of forensic sciences
ISSN: 0022-1198
NlmUniqueID: 0375370
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 52
Issue: 2
Pages: 249-263

Researcher Affiliations

Hillier, Maria L
  • Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6.
Bell, Lynne S

    MeSH Terms

    • Age Determination by Skeleton
    • Animals
    • Bone and Bones / anatomy & histology
    • Buffaloes
    • Cats
    • Cattle
    • Deer
    • Dogs
    • Forensic Anthropology / methods
    • Goats
    • Horses
    • Humans
    • Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
    • Mustelidae
    • Postmortem Changes
    • Primates
    • Rabbits
    • Raccoon Dogs
    • Rats
    • Sex Characteristics
    • Sheep
    • Species Specificity
    • Swine

    Citations

    This article has been cited 72 times.
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