Diversity within natural populations of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus.
Abstract: We evaluated genetic and phenotypic diversity within natural populations of the alphavirus, Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus. RNA fingerprinting revealed that most populations within infected hosts (unpassaged isolates) contained a consensus genotype along with minority genotypes differing in one to three T1-resistant oligonucleotides. Mutation frequencies appeared to be similar to those reported for other RNA viruses, suggesting that the slow rate of EEE virus evolution is not limited by fidelity of genome replication. Within a given year, genetic diversity was generally greater among geographically distant isolates than among those from the same transmission focus, suggesting that dispersal among EEE viruses in North America is not complete annually. Two of three bird isolates from Maryland and New York contained relatively distantly related genotypes, differing in 15-19 oligonucleotides. A 1985 mosquito isolate from Maryland contained stable, small plaque variants which comprised the majority of that population. These small plaque variants differed by up to eight T1-resistant oligonucleotides when compared with their large plaque counterparts. Temperature sensitive virus was not detected in six unpassaged mosquito isolates from Maryland and New York.
Publication Date: 1993-08-01 PubMed ID: 8101674DOI: 10.1006/viro.1993.1421Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
- Research Support
- U.S. Gov't
- P.H.S.
Summary
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The research paper investigates the genetic and phenotypic diversity within the natural populations of Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus. The study found varying genotypes within the virus population and suggested that the virus’s slow evolution rate is not restricted by the precision of genome replication.
Research Methodology
- The researchers used a technique called RNA fingerprinting to identify the genetic makeup of a population of EEE viruses.
- They examined virus populations from various infected hosts, known in the study as “unpassaged isolates.”
- To gauge genetic diversity, the study compared virus isolates from different geographic locations.
- Moreover, researchers analyzed the genetic differences between large plaque and small plaque variants within a single mosquito sample.
Findings and Observations
- The study found that each host population typically contained a dominant genotype, alongside a few minority genotypes. These minority genotypes were found to have a difference of one to three T1-resistant oligonucleotides from the consensus genotype.
- The mutation rate seen in the EEE virus was found to be similar to the mutation rates of other RNA viruses, suggesting that the slow evolution of the EEE virus is not due to the fidelity of genome replication.
- Genetic diversity was found to be larger among isolates that were geographically distant from each other compared to those from the same transmission focus. This implies that the spread of EEE virus across North America is not entirely accomplished annually.
- Notably, some bird isolates showed a high degree of genetic diversity, varying by 15 to 19 oligonucleotides.
- The team also discovered small plaque variants in a 1985 mosquito sample, which differed from their large plaque counterparts by up to eight T1-resistant oligonucleotides.
Implications and Future Directions
- These findings highlight the genetic and phenotypic diversity existing within natural populations of the EEE virus. Such diversity could potentially impact the spread, virulence, and evolutionary trajectory of this virus.
- Comprehending the factors influencing this genetic diversity and identifying specific mutation patterns could contribute to improved surveillance techniques and more effective control measures against the EEE virus.
Cite This Article
APA
Weaver SC, Bellew LA, Gousset L, Repik PM, Scott TW, Holland JJ.
(1993).
Diversity within natural populations of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus.
Virology, 195(2), 700-709.
https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1993.1421 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093.
MeSH Terms
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Culicidae
- DNA, Viral
- Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine / genetics
- Genetic Variation
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phenotype
- Quail
- RNA, Viral
Grant Funding
- AI14627 / NIAID NIH HHS
- AI22119 / NIAID NIH HHS
- AI26787 / NIAID NIH HHS
Citations
This article has been cited 21 times.- Petrucciani A, Yu G, Ventresca M. Multi-season transmission model of Eastern Equine Encephalitis.. PLoS One 2022;17(8):e0272130.
- Hughes HR, Velez JO, Davis EH, Laven J, Gould CV, Panella AJ, Lambert AJ, Staples JE, Brault AC. Fatal Human Infection with Evidence of Intrahost Variation of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus, Alabama, USA, 2019.. Emerg Infect Dis 2021 Jul;27(7):1886-1892.
- Oliver J, Tan Y, Haight JD, Tober KJ, Gall WK, Zink SD, Kramer LD, Campbell SR, Howard JJ, Das SR, Sherwood JA. Spatial and temporal expansions of Eastern equine encephalitis virus and phylogenetic groups isolated from mosquitoes and mammalian cases in New York State from 2013 to 2019.. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020 Dec;9(1):1638-1650.
- Pushko P, Lukashevich IS, Weaver SC, Tretyakova I. DNA-launched live-attenuated vaccines for biodefense applications.. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016 Sep;15(9):1223-34.
- Guerbois M, Volkova E, Forrester NL, Rossi SL, Frolov I, Weaver SC. IRES-driven expression of the capsid protein of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus TC-83 vaccine strain increases its attenuation and safety.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013;7(5):e2197.
- Tretyakova I, Lukashevich IS, Glass P, Wang E, Weaver S, Pushko P. Novel vaccine against Venezuelan equine encephalitis combines advantages of DNA immunization and a live attenuated vaccine.. Vaccine 2013 Feb 4;31(7):1019-25.
- Forrester NL, Guerbois M, Seymour RL, Spratt H, Weaver SC. Vector-borne transmission imposes a severe bottleneck on an RNA virus population.. PLoS Pathog 2012 Sep;8(9):e1002897.
- Weaver SC, Winegar R, Manger ID, Forrester NL. Alphaviruses: population genetics and determinants of emergence.. Antiviral Res 2012 Jun;94(3):242-57.
- Liu WJ, Rourke MF, Holmes EC, Aaskov JG. Persistence of multiple genetic lineages within intrahost populations of Ross River virus.. J Virol 2011 Jun;85(11):5674-8.
- Weaver SC, Reisen WK. Present and future arboviral threats.. Antiviral Res 2010 Feb;85(2):328-45.
- Young DS, Kramer LD, Maffei JG, Dusek RJ, Backenson PB, Mores CN, Bernard KA, Ebel GD. Molecular epidemiology of eastern equine encephalitis virus, New York.. Emerg Infect Dis 2008 Mar;14(3):454-60.
- Weaver SC. Evolutionary influences in arboviral disease.. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006;299:285-314.
- Anishchenko M, Bowen RA, Paessler S, Austgen L, Greene IP, Weaver SC. Venezuelan encephalitis emergence mediated by a phylogenetically predicted viral mutation.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006 Mar 28;103(13):4994-9.
- Greene IP, Wang E, Deardorff ER, Milleron R, Domingo E, Weaver SC. Effect of alternating passage on adaptation of sindbis virus to vertebrate and invertebrate cells.. J Virol 2005 Nov;79(22):14253-60.
- Greene IP, Paessler S, Austgen L, Anishchenko M, Brault AC, Bowen RA, Weaver SC. Envelope glycoprotein mutations mediate equine amplification and virulence of epizootic venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.. J Virol 2005 Jul;79(14):9128-33.
- Brault AC, Powers AM, Medina G, Wang E, Kang W, Salas RA, De Siger J, Weaver SC. Potential sources of the 1995 Venezuelan equine encephalitis subtype IC epidemic.. J Virol 2001 Jul;75(13):5823-32.
- Weaver SC, Brault AC, Kang W, Holland JJ. Genetic and fitness changes accompanying adaptation of an arbovirus to vertebrate and invertebrate cells.. J Virol 1999 May;73(5):4316-26.
- Wang E, Barrera R, Boshell J, Ferro C, Freier JE, Navarro JC, Salas R, Vasquez C, Weaver SC. Genetic and phenotypic changes accompanying the emergence of epizootic subtype IC Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses from an enzootic subtype ID progenitor.. J Virol 1999 May;73(5):4266-71.
- Weaver SC, Kang W, Shirako Y, Rumenapf T, Strauss EG, Strauss JH. Recombinational history and molecular evolution of western equine encephalomyelitis complex alphaviruses.. J Virol 1997 Jan;71(1):613-23.
- Weaver SC, Hagenbaugh A, Bellew LA, Gousset L, Mallampalli V, Holland JJ, Scott TW. Evolution of alphaviruses in the eastern equine encephalomyelitis complex.. J Virol 1994 Jan;68(1):158-69.
- Strauss JH, Strauss EG. The alphaviruses: gene expression, replication, and evolution.. Microbiol Rev 1994 Sep;58(3):491-562.
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