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Drug testing and analysis2024; 17(4); 506-516; doi: 10.1002/dta.3753

Doping control analysis of myo-inositol trispyrophosphate and 10 bisphosphonates in equine plasma by ion chromatography-mass spectrometry and its application to clodronic acid horse administration.

Abstract: Bisphosphonates and myo-inositol trispyrophosphate (ITPP) are two classes of difficult-to-detect polar drugs that are prohibited under the rules of racing. ITPP is a drug capable of increasing the amount of oxygen in hypoxic tissues, and studies have shown that administration of ITPP increases the maximal exercise capacity in mice. The properties of ITPP make it an ideal candidate as a doping agent to enhance performance in racehorses. In recent years, ITPP had indeed been detected in racehorses and confiscated items. As for bisphosphonates, it is especially critical to control their use as since February 2019, the International Agreement on Breeding, Racing and Wagering (IABRW) by the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (IFHA) had identified specific conditions on which bisphosphonates should not be administered to a racehorse. A recent review of literature shows that there is yet a simultaneous screening method for detecting ITPP and bisphosphonates in equine samples. This paper describes an efficient ion chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (IC-HRMS) method for the simultaneous detection of ITPP and 10 bisphosphonates at sub-parts-per-billion (ppb) to low-ppb levels in equine plasma after solid-phase extraction (SPE) and its application to an administration study of clodronic acid in horses.
© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2024-06-25 PubMed ID: 38924320DOI: 10.1002/dta.3753Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study presents a technique for detecting substances frequently used for illegal horse doping – myo-inositol trispyrophosphate (ITPP) and bisphosphonates – in equine blood samples. With the help of ion chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry, it was possible to detect ITPP and various bisphosphonates at extremely low levels.

Overview of the Problem

  • Doping in horse racing is a serious problem, with one method being the administration of difficult-to-detect polar drugs such as myo-inositol trispyrophosphate (ITPP) and bisphosphonates.
  • ITPP is a drug that increases oxygen in tissues, thus potentially enhancing a horse’s performance. This drug has been found in racehorses and confiscated items.
  • Bisphosphonates, on the other hand, were singled out by the International Agreement on Breeding, Racing and Wagering (IABRW) by the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (IFHA). It announced in February 2019 that specific conditions must be met before administering these substances to a racehorse. This makes detection of bisphosphonates especially crucial.
  • A review of the existing literature showed that no method for simultaneously detecting ITPP and bisphosphonates in equine samples existed.

Method

  • The researchers used an ion chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (IC-HRMS) method for the simultaneous detection of ITPP and 10 different bisphosphonates.
  • These substances could be detected at very small amounts – sub-parts-per-billion (ppb) to low-ppb levels – in equine plasma after solid-phase extraction.

Application of the Technique

  • As well as describing the detection method, the study also discussed its application in an administration study of clodronic acid in horses.
  • This refers to a case where clodronic acid – a type of bisphosphonate – is injected into a horse, and the researchers then attempt to detect it using their new method.

Cite This Article

APA
Wong ASY, Yuen BP, Wong COL, Kong FK, So YM, Kwok WH, Brooks L, Wan TSM, Ho EN. (2024). Doping control analysis of myo-inositol trispyrophosphate and 10 bisphosphonates in equine plasma by ion chromatography-mass spectrometry and its application to clodronic acid horse administration. Drug Test Anal, 17(4), 506-516. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3753

Publication

Drug testing and analysis
ISSN: 1942-7611
NlmUniqueID: 101483449
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 17
Issue: 4
Pages: 506-516

Researcher Affiliations

Wong, April Sum Yee
  • Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China.
Yuen, Bruce Pui-Nam
  • Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China.
Wong, Celia Oi Ling
  • Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China.
Kong, Fred Ka-Wai
  • Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China.
So, Yat-Ming
  • Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China.
Kwok, Wai Him
  • Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China.
Brooks, Lydia
  • Canadian Pari-Mutuel Agency, Equine Drug Control Program, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
Wan, Terence See Ming
  • Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China.
Ho, Emmie Ngai-Man
  • Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses / blood
  • Diphosphonates / blood
  • Diphosphonates / administration & dosage
  • Doping in Sports / prevention & control
  • Inositol Phosphates / blood
  • Substance Abuse Detection / methods
  • Substance Abuse Detection / veterinary
  • Limit of Detection
  • Mass Spectrometry / methods

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Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Yi YX, Jin MC. [Advances in the application of ion chromatography-mass spectrometry in the fields of life and health]. Se Pu 2024 Oct;42(10):923-934.
    doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2023.11001pubmed: 39327656google scholar: lookup
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