Dual-chamber pacemaker implantation via the cephalic vein in healthy equids.
Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to develop a feasible and safe technique for dual-chamber pacemaker implantation in healthy horses. Implantation was performed in a standing, tranquilized horse and in ponies. Atrial and ventricular leads were transvenously inserted through the cephalic vein, and a subcutaneous pacemaker pocket was created between the lateral pectoral groove and the manubrium sterni in 6 equids. Positioning of each lead was guided by echocardiography and by measuring the electrical characteristics of the lead. The implantation procedure lasted about 4 hours in each animal and was well tolerated. In all animals, dual-chamber pacemaker function was obtained, and these results remained good throughout the follow-up period. At the time of implantation, atrial and ventricular sensing were between 2.1 and 7.2 mV and 7.8 and 16.8 mV, respectively, and atrial and ventricular pacing thresholds at 0.5 millisecond varied from 0.5 to 0.7 V and from 0.3 to 1.0 V, respectively. Six months after the implantation, sensing values varied from 2 to 10 mV for the atrial lead and from 2 to 16 mV for the ventricular lead, while pacing thresholds at 0.5 millisecond varied from less than 0.5 to 2.5 V for the right atrium and from less than 0.5 to 5.0 V for the right ventricle. Atrial lead dislodgment occurred in 2 animals, requiring insertion of a new lead. Ventricular lead dislodgment was not observed.
Publication Date: 2002-01-31 PubMed ID: 11817062DOI: 10.1892/0891-6640(2001)015<0564:dpivtc>2.3.co;2Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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This research article discusses a study undertaken to develop a safe and feasible procedure for dual-chamber pacemaker implantation in healthy equines (horses), specifically via the cephalic vein. The researchers conducted the procedure on six test subjects and their outcomes were observed over a six-month period.
Procedure
- The study focused on healthy horses for the pacemaker implantation. The horses were placed in a standing and tranquil state during the procedure.
- The researchers used the cephalic vein on the horse for the insertion of atrial and ventricular leads. This vein is convenient for initial access to the horse’s heart.
- A pocket for the pacemaker was created subcutaneously (under the skin) between the lateral pectoral groove and the manubrium sterni (the upper segment of the breastbone).
Guidance and Positioning of the Leads
- The researchers made use of echocardiography, a test using sound waves to create pictures of the heart, for the accurate positioning of the leads.
- The electrical characteristics of each lead were also measured to assist in positioning.
Duration and Tolerance
- The implantation procedure lasted around 4 hours for each horse and was well tolerated by all the subjects, indicating the procedure causes little distress or discomfort to the horses.
Results
- The study successfully achieved dual-chamber pacemaker function in all test subjects and the favorable results lasted throughout the six-month observation period.
- At the time of implantation, atrial and ventricular sensing were measured between certain values. Similarly, atrial and ventricular pacing thresholds also varied among the animals at a pulse width of 0.5 millisecond.
- Six months after the implantation, sensing values and pacing thresholds for the atrial and ventricular leads were registered within a certain range.
- There were only two instances of atrial lead dislodgment which required the insertion of a new lead, indicating general stability of the leads post procedure. No ventricular lead dislodgment was observed.
Cite This Article
APA
van Loon G, Fonteyne W, Rottiers H, Tavernier R, Jordaens L, D'Hont L, Colpaert R, De Clercq T, Deprez P.
(2002).
Dual-chamber pacemaker implantation via the cephalic vein in healthy equids.
J Vet Intern Med, 15(6), 564-571.
https://doi.org/10.1892/0891-6640(2001)015<0564:dpivtc>2.3.co;2 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium. Gunther.vanLoon@rug.ac.be
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac / therapy
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac / veterinary
- Echocardiography / veterinary
- Feasibility Studies
- Heart Atria
- Heart Ventricles
- Horse Diseases / therapy
- Horses / physiology
- Male
- Neck / blood supply
- Pacemaker, Artificial / veterinary
- Prosthesis Implantation
- Veins / surgery
Citations
This article has been cited 8 times.- Heun F, Niebuhr T, Gutierrez Bautista A, Wiedmann F, Verhaar N, Kästner S, Feige K, Schmidt C. Treatment of a Paroxysmal Atrioventricular Block by Implantation of a Bipolar, Single-Chamber Cardiac Pacemaker in a Donkey.. Animals (Basel) 2023 Aug 27;13(17).
- De Lange L, Van Steenkiste G, Vernemmen I, Vera L, Cromheeke KMC, Walser U, Meert H, Decloedt A, van Loon G. Successful application of closed loop stimulation pacemakers with remote monitoring in 3 miniature donkeys with syncope.. J Vet Intern Med 2021 Nov;35(6):2920-2925.
- Sedlinská M, Kabeš R, Novák M, Kološ F, Melková P. Single-Chamber Cardiac Pacemaker Implantation in a Donkey with Complete AV Block: A Long-Term Follow-Up.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Mar 9;11(3).
- Hesselkilde EZ, Carstensen H, Flethøj M, Fenner M, Kruse DD, Sattler SM, Tfelt-Hansen J, Pehrson S, Braunstein TH, Carlson J, Platonov PG, Jespersen T, Buhl R. Longitudinal study of electrical, functional and structural remodelling in an equine model of atrial fibrillation.. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2019 Oct 21;19(1):228.
- Carstensen H, Hesselkilde EZ, Fenner M, Loft-Andersen AV, Flethøj M, Kanters JK, Sattler SM, Tfelt-Hansen J, Pehrson S, Jespersen T, Buhl R. Time-dependent antiarrhythmic effects of flecainide on induced atrial fibrillation in horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2018 Sep;32(5):1708-1717.
- Buhl R, Carstensen H, Hesselkilde EZ, Klein BZ, Hougaard KM, Ravn KB, Loft-Andersen AV, Fenner MF, Pipper C, Jespersen T. Effect of induced chronic atrial fibrillation on exercise performance in Standardbred trotters.. J Vet Intern Med 2018 Jul;32(4):1410-1419.
- De Clercq D, Broux B, Vera L, Decloedt A, van Loon G. Measurement variability of right atrial and ventricular monophasic action potential and refractory period measurements in the standing non-sedated horse.. BMC Vet Res 2018 Mar 20;14(1):101.
- Luethy D, Slack J, Kraus MS, Gelzer AR, Habecker P, Johnson AL. Third-Degree Atrioventricular Block and Collapse Associated with Eosinophilic Myocarditis in a Horse.. J Vet Intern Med 2017 May;31(3):884-889.
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