Early detection of Trypanosoma evansi infection and monitoring of antibody levels by ELISA following treatment.
Abstract: In present communication, we report an outbreak of Trypanosoma evansi in equine herd n = 30 (horse and mules) which, were reared in fly proof stables as well as in open paddock maintained under semi-intensive system of management, and its effective control using trypanocidal drug. The infection was monitored by antibody ELISA up to 180 days post-treatment (PT). A total of 8 out of 14 equines (57.14 %) which were maintained only in open paddocks were found positive with T. evansi infection parasitologically. The infected animals were treated with quinapyramine methyl sulphate and chloride combination administered at the prescribed dose rate on 3rd day of screening. The parasite could not be detected from any treated animals from day-3 PT up to 6 month. Further, we also could not observe relapse of infection, neither in treated group nor in equine herd maintained at the farm. Sero-conversion was observed in all eight animals by 10th day of screening, indicating that immune response was due to recent infection as the animals became chronologically positive. The antibody titre reached at the peak by 10-14th day in all infected animals, and started declining by 17th day of screening, further reached to near cut off level by 180 days. Since, antibodies persisted up to 6 month PT and antibody detection assays are not able to differentiate between current and past infections in treated cases. The detection of circulating antigen assay and parasitological techniques in combination may be performed for effective diagnosis and management of T. evansi infection.
Publication Date: 2012-11-20 PubMed ID: 24505190PubMed Central: PMC3909580DOI: 10.1007/s12639-012-0204-2Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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This study reports on an outbreak of Trypanosoma evansi, a parasitic infection, in a herd of horses and mules, how it was monitored using antibody ELISA tests, and how the infection was effectively treated with a trypanocidal drug.
Trypanosoma evansi Outbreak and Treatment
- The researchers observed an outbreak of Trypanosoma evansi, a parasitic disease, in a herd of 30 equines (horses and mules). Some of these animals were living in fly-resistant stables while others were kept in open paddocks under a semi-intensive management system.
- The infection was most prevalent in animals maintained solely in open paddocks – out of 14 such equines, 8 (57.14%) were found to be infected with T. evansi.
- The infected animals were treated with a trypanocidal drug, specifically a combination of quinapyramine methyl sulphate and chloride. This treatment was administered at the appropriate dose rate on the third day of screening for the disease.
- Following treatment, the researchers were not able to detect the parasite in any of the treated animals from day 3 up to 6 months post-treatment. Furthermore, they did not observe any relapse of the infection either in the treated group or in the rest of the herd.
The Role of Antibody ELISA in Monitoring Infection
- The researchers used antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests to monitor the infection. This type of test uses antibodies and color change to identify a substance.
- Sero-conversion (the time period during which a specific antibody develops and becomes detectable in the blood) was observed in all eight infected animals by the 10th day of screening. This suggested that the immune response was due to a recent infection as the animals became chronologically positive.
- The antibody titre (the highest dilution of a serum sample that can still produce a detectable reaction) reached its peak between 10 and 14 days in all infected animals. It began to decline by the 17th day of screening and reached near the cut-off level by 180 days.
- Despite the decline in antibody levels, they remained detectable for up to 6 months post-treatment. This means that antibody detection assays alone are not able to differentiate between current and past infections in treated cases.
Future Directions
- The researchers suggest that a combination of circulating antigen assays and parasitological techniques could be used for more effective diagnosis and management of T. evansi infection.
Cite This Article
APA
Yadav SC, Kumar R, Manuja A, Goyal L, Gupta AK.
(2012).
Early detection of Trypanosoma evansi infection and monitoring of antibody levels by ELISA following treatment.
J Parasit Dis, 38(1), 124-127.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-012-0204-2 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India.
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India.
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India.
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India.
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India.
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Citations
This article has been cited 8 times.- Desquesnes M, Gonzatti M, Sazmand A, Thévenon S, Bossard G, Boulangé A, Gimonneau G, Truc P, Herder S, Ravel S, Sereno D, Jamonneau V, Jittapalapong S, Jacquiet P, Solano P, Berthier D. A review on the diagnosis of animal trypanosomoses. Parasit Vectors 2022 Feb 19;15(1):64.
- Chandu AGS, Sengupta PP, Jacob SS, Borthakur SK, Patra G, Roy P. Mining the pervasiveness of surra in different animal species of Northeastern states of India: Assam, Mizoram and Tripura. J Parasit Dis 2021 Jun;45(2):330-335.
- Aregawi WG, Agga GE, Abdi RD, Büscher P. Systematic review and meta-analysis on the global distribution, host range, and prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi. Parasit Vectors 2019 Jan 31;12(1):67.
- Manuja A, Kumar B, Kumar R, Chopra M, Dilbaghi N, Kumar S, Yadav SC. Biocompatibility and Targeting Efficiency of Encapsulated Quinapyramine Sulfate-Loaded Chitosan-Mannitol Nanoparticles in a Rabbit Model of Surra. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018 Nov;62(11).
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