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Home / Equine Research Bank / J Med Entomol / Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis in Michigan: Historical Rev...
Journal of medical entomology2021; 59(1); 27-40; doi: 10.1093/jme/tjab153

Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis in Michigan: Historical Review of Equine, Human, and Wildlife Involvement, Epidemiology, Vector Associations, and Factors Contributing to Endemicity.

Abstract: Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) is a mosquito-borne viral disease that is an emerging public health concern in the state of Michigan. Although Michigan has one of the highest incidence rates of EEE in the United States, much of the information known about cases in humans, equines, and other animals residing in Michigan is unpublished. This article summarizes such information and explores spatial trends in the historic distribution of EEE in Michigan. Outbreaks in Michigan have occurred over an 80-yr interval, involving only horses in 1942-1943 and 1973-1976, and then episodically from 1980 to 2020, and involving horses, humans, and wild and domestic animals. An estimated 1,036 equine cases (confirmed and suspected) and 36 confirmed human cases have occurred, including 10 in 2019 (6 deaths) and 4 in 2020 (2 deaths). Human cases ranged in age from 1 to 81 yr; 70% were male, and fatality rate of 34.3%. Equine and human cases occurred from July to October, peaked in August, and cluster in space in southwestern and southeastern lower Michigan. Cases occurred in glacial outwash and ice-contact landscapes in glacial interlobate zones. EEE virus (EEEV) was recovered from Culiseta melanura, Coquillettidia perturbans, five species of Aedes, and other mosquito species near horse and human case sites. Virus isolations or presence of neutralizing antibodies in several passerine species of birds suggest broad EEEV-bird associations. White-tailed deer and other wildlife were also affected. Geographic spread to northern areas of the state suggests expansion of this disease system into new and unsuspected foci.
© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America.
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Publication Date: 2021-11-05 PubMed ID: 34734638PubMed Central: PMC8755995DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab153Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research examined the historical incidence of Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis (EEE), a mosquito-borne viral disease, in Michigan, recording patterns among animals and people over an 80-year period and suggesting geographical spread into new areas of the state.

Historical Review of Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis

  • The study offers a historical review of the incidence of Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis (EEE) in Michigan, covering a period of 80 years.
  • Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis (EEE) is a mosquito-borne viral disease that has affected horses, humans, and some wild and domestic animals.
  • While the disease has primarily affected horses, humans, and other animals have also been infected over the years.

Epidemiology of Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis

  • The paper presents epidemiology data about EEE in Michigan, which has one of the highest incidence rates in the United States.
  • A total of 1,036 equine cases (both confirmed and suspected) and 36 confirmed human cases have been recorded. There were 10 human cases in 2019 with 6 deaths, and 4 cases in 2020 with 2 deaths.
  • The human cases ranged in age from 1 to 81 years and majorly, about 70%, were male. The fatality rate was put at 34.3%.
  • Cases of EEE in both equine and human peaked in August and are seen from July to October.

Ecological Factors Propelling EEE

  • The document also discusses some ecological factors encouraging the spread of EEE. Cases occurred more in glacial outwash and ice-contact landscapes located in glacial interlobate zones.
  • The disease seems to be spreading to the northern areas of the state, suggesting that it could be penetrating new and unsuspected focal points.

Disease Vector and Animal Associations

  • The EEE virus was discovered in “Culiseta melanura,” “Coquillettidia perturbans,” and five species of Aedes mosquito near horse and human case sites.
  • The virus isolation or presence of neutralizing antibodies in several species of passerine birds suggests a broad EEEV-bird association, making them potential spreaders of the virus.
  • Animals such as the white-tailed deer and other wildlife were also adversely affected by the virus.

Cite This Article

APA
Stobierski MG, Signs K, Dinh E, Cooley TM, Melotti J, Schalow M, Patterson JS, Bolin SR, Walker ED. (2021). Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis in Michigan: Historical Review of Equine, Human, and Wildlife Involvement, Epidemiology, Vector Associations, and Factors Contributing to Endemicity. J Med Entomol, 59(1), 27-40. https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjab153

Publication

Journal of medical entomology
ISSN: 1938-2928
NlmUniqueID: 0375400
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 59
Issue: 1
Pages: 27-40

Researcher Affiliations

Stobierski, Mary Grace
  • Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, 333 S. Grand Avenue, Lansing, MI 48933, USA.
Signs, Kimberly
  • Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, 333 S. Grand Avenue, Lansing, MI 48933, USA.
Dinh, Emily
  • Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, 333 S. Grand Avenue, Lansing, MI 48933, USA.
Cooley, Thomas M
  • Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife Disease Laboratory, 4125 Beaumont Road, Room 250, Lansing, MI 48917, USA.
Melotti, Julie
  • Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife Disease Laboratory, 4125 Beaumont Road, Room 250, Lansing, MI 48917, USA.
Schalow, Michele
  • Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, P.O. Box 30017, Lansing, MI 48909, USA.
Patterson, Jon S
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA.
Bolin, Steven R
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA.
Walker, Edward D
  • Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
  • Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Animals, Wild
  • Deer
  • Encephalomyelitis, Eastern Equine / epidemiology
  • Encephalomyelitis, Eastern Equine / transmission
  • Encephalomyelitis, Eastern Equine / veterinary
  • Encephalomyelitis, Eastern Equine / virology
  • Endemic Diseases / statistics & numerical data
  • Endemic Diseases / veterinary
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / transmission
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Michigan / epidemiology
  • Mosquito Vectors

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