FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / J Vet Intern Med / ECEIM consensus statement on equine kidney disease.
Journal of veterinary internal medicine2024; doi: 10.1111/jvim.17101

ECEIM consensus statement on equine kidney disease.

Abstract: The aim of this consensus statement is to summarize and appraise scientific evidence and combine this with the clinical experience of a panel of experts to optimize recommendations on how to recognize and manage kidney disease in horses.
© 2024 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2024-05-27 PubMed ID: 38801172DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17101Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article focuses on developing recommendations for recognizing and managing kidney disease in horses, based on scientific evidence and the clinical experience of expert veterinarians.

Article Overview

  • The consensus statement on equine kidney disease was developed from a comprehensive review and analysis of scientific studies and the accumulated clinical experience of a panel of veterinary experts, with the goal of formulating guidelines to aid in the early recognition and effective management of kidney disease in horses.

Research Method

  • The authors collated and analysed both published studies and anecdotal evidence from a team of experienced veterinarians to create a layered understanding of equine kidney disease.
  • The scientific research included in the review was rigorously interrogated to discern its reliability and applicability to the veterinary practice. This includes examining study design, statistical analyses used, and the replicability of the findings among broader populations of horses.

Findings

  • The researchers used their findings to formulate a series of practical recommendations, with the recognition and management of kidney disease at their core. These recommendations are informed by both quantifiable, scientific evidence and the qualitative judgement of seasoned veterinarians.

Implications

  • This consensus statement is aimed at equine practitioners, providing them with evidence-based recommendations that support earlier and more accurate detection of kidney disease in horses, effective treatment interventions, and ultimately, improved animal welfare outcomes.
  • It underscores the importance of bridging the gap between scientific research and daily veterinary practice, ensuring that the most recent and reliable findings are systematically incorporated into the clinical decision-making process. This in turn, enhances the quality of care provided to horses and increases the consistency of outcomes in the field.

Cite This Article

APA
van Galen G, Divers TJ, Savage V, Schott HC, Siwinska N. (2024). ECEIM consensus statement on equine kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.17101

Publication

Journal of veterinary internal medicine
ISSN: 1939-1676
NlmUniqueID: 8708660
Country: United States
Language: English

Researcher Affiliations

van Galen, Gaby
  • Goulburn Valley Equine Hospital, Congupna, Victoria, Australia.
  • Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Divers, Thomas J
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Savage, Victoria
  • Three Counties Equine Hospital, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom.
Schott, Harold C
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
Siwinska, Natalia
  • Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.

References

This article includes 114 references
  1. Finco DR, Groves C. Mechanism of renal excretion of creatinine by the pony.. Am J Vet Res 1985;46:1625‐1628.
  2. Osborne CA, Polzin DJ. Azotemia: a review of what's old and what's new. I. Definition of terms and concepts.. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1983;5:497.
  3. Baxmann AC, Ahmed MS, Marques NC. Influence of muscle mass and physical activity on serum and urinary creatinine and serum cystatin C.. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;3:348‐354.
  4. Schott HC 2nd, Gallant LR, Coyne M. Symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine concentrations in serum of healthy draft horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2021;35:1147‐1154.
  5. Doi K, Yuen PS, Eisner C. Reduced production of creatinine limits its use as marker of kidney injury in sepsis.. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;20:1217‐1221.
  6. Savage VL, Marr CM, Bailey M, Smith S. Prevalence of acute kidney injury in a population of hospitalized horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2019;33:2294‐2301.
  7. Cotovio M, Monreal L, Armengou L, Prada J, Almeida JM, Segura D. Fibrin deposits and organ failure in newborn foals with severe septicemia.. J Vet Intern Med 2008;22:1403‐1410.
  8. Divers TJ, Whitlock RH, Byars TD, Leitch M, Crowell WA. Acute renal failure in six horses resulting from haemodynamic causes.. Equine Vet J 1987;19:178‐184.
  9. Lopez‐Novoa JM, Quiros Y, Vicente L, Morales AI, Lopez‐Hernandez FJ. New insights into the mechanism of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity: an integrative point of view.. Kidney Int 2011;79:33‐45.
  10. Fabrizii V, Thalhammer F, Horl WH. Aminoglycoside‐induced nephrotoxicity [German].. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1997;109:830‐835.
  11. Lerner SA, Schmitt BA, Seligsohn R, Matz GJ. Comparative study of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity in patients randomly assigned to treatment with amikacin or gentamicin.. Am J Med 1986;80:98‐104.
  12. Riviere JE, Traver DS, Coppoc GL. Gentamicin toxic nephropathy in horses with disseminated bacterial infection.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982;180:648‐651.
  13. Bucki EP, Giguère S, Macpherson M, Davis R. Pharmacokinetics of once‐daily amikacin in healthy foals and therapeutic drug monitoring in hospitalized equine neonates.. J Vet Intern Med 2004;18:728‐733.
  14. Burton AJ, Giguère S, Warner L, Alhamhoom Y, Arnold RD. Effect of age on the pharmacokinetics of a single daily dose of gentamicin sulfate in healthy foals.. Equine Vet J 2013;45:507‐511.
  15. Vivrette S, Cowgill LD, Pascoe J, Suter C, Becker T. Hemodialysis for treatment of oxytetracycline‐induced acute renal failure in a neonatal foal.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993;203:105‐107.
  16. MacAllister CG. Effects of toxic doses of phenylbutazone in ponies.. Am J Vet Res 1983;44:2277‐2279.
  17. Costa LRR, Swiderski C, Palm C, Aleman M. Preliminary evaluation of hepatitis a virus cell receptor 1/kidney injury molecule 1 in healthy horses treated with phenylbutazone.. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2023;33:481‐486.
  18. Kunkle BN, Saik JE, Attebery DK, Targa NL, Larsen DL, Hanson PD. Effects of firocoxib and phenylbutazone dosed for 42 days in horses.. In: proceedings of American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP); 2010:54.
  19. White JM, Colbath AC, Schott HC 2nd. Effects of phenylbutazone, firocoxib, and dipyrone on the diuretic response to furosemide in horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2023;37:2544‐2551.
  20. Raidal SL, Hughes KJ, Charman AL, Nielsen SG, Phillips JK, Noble GK. Effects of meloxicam and phenylbutazone on renal responses to furosemide, dobutamine, and exercise in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2014;75:668‐679.
  21. Edwards L, Magdesian KG. Retrospective evaluation of acute kidney injury in horses treated with nonnitrogenous bisphosphonates (2013‐2020): 8 cases.. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2023;33:685‐695.
  22. van Spijk JN, Beckmann K, Wehrli Eser M. Preliminary investigation of side effects of polymyxin B administration in hospitalized horses.. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023;12:12.
  23. van Spijk JN, Beckmann K, Wehrli Eser M. Adverse effects of polymyxin B administration to healthy horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2022;36:1525‐1534.
  24. Harrington DD, Page EH. Acute vitamin D3 toxicosis in horses: case reports and experimental studies of the comparative toxicity of vitamins D2 and D3.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983;182:1358‐1369.
  25. Rebhun WC, Tennant BC, Dill SG, King JM. Vitamin K3‐induced renal toxicosis in the horse.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984;184:1237‐1239.
  26. Norman TE, Chaffin MK, Johnson MC, Spangler EA, Weeks BR, Knight R. Intravascular hemolysis associated with severe cutaneous burn injuries in five horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005(226):2039‐2043.
  27. Hunyadi L, Sundman EA, Kass PH, Williams DC, Aleman M. Clinical implications and hospital outcome of immune‐mediated myositis in horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2017;31:170‐175.
  28. Chang‐Panesso M. Acute kidney injury and aging.. Pediatr Nephrol 2021;36:2997‐3006.
  29. Chawla LS, Bellomo R, Bihorac A. Acute kidney disease and renal recovery: consensus report of the Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) 16 Workgroup.. Nat Rev Nephrol 2017;13:241‐257.
  30. Layman QD, Rezabek GB, Ramachandran A, Love BC, Confer AW. A retrospective study of equine actinobacillosis cases: 1999‐2011.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014;26:365‐375.
  31. Fouché N, Graubner C, Lanz S, Schweighauser A, Francey T, Gerber V. Acute kidney injury due to Leptospira interrogans in 4 foals and use of renal replacement therapy with intermittent hemodiafiltration in 1 foal.. J Vet Intern Med 2020;34:1007‐1012.
  32. Bouchard PR, Weldon AD, Lewis RM, Summers BA. Uremic encephalopathy in a horse.. Vet Pathol 1994;31:111‐115.
  33. Khwaja A. KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury.. Nephron Clin Pract 2012;120:c179‐c184.
  34. Schneider J, Khemani R, Grushkin C, Bart R. Serum creatinine as stratified in the RIFLE score for acute kidney injury is associated with mortality and length of stay for children in the pediatric intensive care unit.. Crit Care Med 2010;38:933‐939.
  35. Lee YJ, Chang CC, Chan JP, Hsu WL, Lin KW, Wong ML. Prognosis of acute kidney injury in dogs using RIFLE (risk, injury, failure, loss and end‐stage renal failure)‐like criteria.. Vet Rec 2011;168:264.
  36. Meier M, Bettschart‐Wolfensberger R, Schwarzwald CC, Portier K, Gysler A, Ringer SK. Effects of dobutamine on cardiovascular function and oxygen delivery in standing horses.. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020;43:470‐476.
  37. Dancker C, Hopster K, Rohn K, Kästner SB. Effects of dobutamine, dopamine, phenylephrine and noradrenaline on systemic haemodynamics and intestinal perfusion in isoflurane anaesthetised horses.. Equine Vet J 2018;50:104‐110.
  38. Dickey EJ, McKenzie H III, Johnson A, Furr MO. Use of pressor therapy in 34 hypotensive critically ill neonatal foals.. Aust Vet J 2010;88:472‐477.
  39. Hollis AR, Ousey JC, Palmer L. Effects of norepinephrine and combined norepinephrine and fenoldopam infusion on systemic hemodynamics and indices of renal function in normotensive neonatal foals.. J Vet Intern Med 2008;22:1210‐1215.
  40. Hollis AR, Ouseyxya JC, Palmer L, Stoneham SJ, Corley KTT. Effects of fenoldopam mesylate on systemic hemodynamics and indices of renal function in normotensive neonatal foals.. J Vet Intern Med 2006;20:595‐600.
  41. Trim CM, Moore JN, Clark ES. Renal effects of dopamine infusion in conscious horses.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1989;21:124‐128.
  42. Errecalde JO, Button C, Mulders MS. Some dynamic and toxic effects of theophylline in horses.. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1985;8:320‐327.
  43. McMahon BA, Chawla LS. The furosemide stress test: current use and future potential.. Ren Fail 2021;43:830‐839.
  44. Wong DM, Ruby RE, Eatroff A, Yaeger MJ. Use of renal replacement therapy in a neonatal foal with Postresuscitation acute renal failure.. J Vet Intern Med 2017;31:593‐597.
  45. Gallatin LL, Couetil LL, Ash SR. Use of continuous‐flow peritoneal dialysis for the treatment of acute renal failure in an adult horse.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;226(756–759):732‐759.
  46. Sweeney RW, Macdonald M, Hall J, Divers TJ, Sweeney CR. Kinetics of gentamicin elimination in two horses with acute renal failure.. Equine Vet J 1988;20:182‐184.
  47. Han JH, McKenzie HCI. Intermittent peritoneal dialysis for the treatment of acute renal failure in two horses.. Equine Vet Educ 2008;20:256‐264.
  48. Dondi F, Lukacs RM, Gentilini F, Rinnovati R, Spadari A, Romagnoli N. Serum amyloid a, haptoglobin, and ferritin in horses with colic: association with common clinicopathological variables and short‐term outcome.. Vet J 2015;205:50‐55.
  49. Staempfli HR, Townsend HG, Prescott JF. Prognostic features and clinical presentation of acute idiopathic enterocolitis in horses.. Can Vet J 1991;32:232‐237.
  50. Arroyo MG, Slovis NM, Moore GE, Taylor SD. Factors associated with survival in 97 horses with septic pleuropneumonia.. J Vet Intern Med 2017;31:894‐900.
  51. Groover ES, Woolums AR, Cole DJ, LeRoy BE. Risk factors associated with renal insufficiency in horses with primary gastrointestinal disease: 26 cases (2000‐2003).. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006;228:572‐577.
  52. Canaud G, Bonventre JV. Cell cycle arrest and the evolution of chronic kidney disease from acute kidney injury.. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015;30:575‐583.
  53. Scharman EJ, Troutman WG. Prevention of kidney injury following rhabdomyolysis: a systematic review.. Ann Pharmacother 2013;47:90‐105.
  54. Brashier MK, Geor RJ, Ames TR, O'Leary TP. Effect of intravenous calcium administration on gentamicin‐induced nephrotoxicosis in ponies.. Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1055‐1062.
  55. el‐Ashker M, Abdelhamid F, Risha E, Salama M, el‐Sebaei M. Vitamin C ameliorates gentamicin‐induced acute kidney injury in equines: an experimental study.. J Equine Vet 2015;35:238‐243.
  56. Olsen E, van Galen G. Chronic renal failure‐causes, clinical findings, treatments and prognosis.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2022;38:25‐46.
  57. Schott HC, Patterson KS, Fitzerald SD. Chronic renal failure in 99 horses.. Proceedings of 43rd Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) 1997:345.
  58. Ehnen SJ, Divers TJ, Gillette D, Reef VB. Obstructive nephrolithiasis and ureterolithiasis associated with chronic renal failure in horses: eight cases (1981‐1987).. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990;197:249‐253.
  59. Laverty S, Pascoe JR, Ling GV, Lavoie JP, Ruby AL. Urolithiasis in 68 horses.. Vet Surg 1992;21:56‐62.
  60. Divers TJ, Timoney JF, Lewis RM, Smith CA. Equine glomerulonephritis and renal failure associated with complexes of group‐C streptococcal antigen and IgG antibody.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1992;32:93‐102.
  61. Banks KL, Henson JB, McGuire TC. Immunologically mediated glomerulitis of horses. I. Pathogenesis in persistent infection by equine infectious anemia virus.. Lab Invest 1972;26:701‐707.
  62. Vienenkötter J, Siudak K, Stallenberger L, Herden C. Renal neoplasia in horses ‐ a retrospective study.. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2017;45:290‐295.
  63. Akagami M, Shibahara T, Yoshiga T. Granulomatous nephritis and meningoencephalomyelitis caused by Halicephalobus gingivalis in a pony gelding.. J Vet Med Sci 2007;69:1187‐1190.
  64. de Solis CN, Slack J, Boston RC, Reef VB. Hypertensive cardiomyopathy in horses: 5 cases (1995‐2011).. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013;243:126‐130.
  65. Tennant B, Bettleheim P, Kaneko JJ. Paradoxic hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia associated with chronic renal failure in horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982;180:630‐634.
  66. LeRoy B, Woolums A, Wass J. The relationship between serum calcium concentration and outcome in horses with renal failure presented to referral hospitals.. J Vet Intern Med 2011;25:1426‐1430.
  67. Ruiz‐Ortega M, Rayego‐Mateos S, Lamas S, Ortiz A, Rodrigues‐Diez RR. Targeting the progression of chronic kidney disease.. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020;16:269‐288.
  68. Kirk CA, Jewell DE, Lowry SR. Effects of sodium chloride on selected parameters in cats.. Vet Ther 2006;7:333‐346.
  69. Li WL, Zhang NH, Ge SW, Xu G. Dietary omega‐3 fatty acid intake and mortality in CKD population: a 1999‐2014 NHANES analysis.. Am J Nephrol 2021;52:909‐918.
  70. Saran R, Novak JE, Desai A. Impact of vitamin E on plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in chronic kidney disease (CKD): a pilot study.. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003;18:2415‐2420.
  71. Pei G, Tang Y, Tan L, Tan J, Ge L, Qin W. Aerobic exercise in adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD): a meta‐analysis.. Int Urol Nephrol 2019;51:1787‐1795.
  72. Scala E, van Galen G, Skärlina EM, Durie I. Do post‐surgical multiresistant urinary infections occur in horses? Case of unilateral pyelonephritis caused by extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase‐producing bacteria as a complication of cystotomy.. Vet Med Sci 2023;9:2042‐2052.
  73. Roberts MC. Ascending urinary tract infection in ponies.. Aust Vet J 1979;55:191‐193.
  74. Graves EA. Unilateral pyelonephritis in a miniature horse colt.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2006;22:209‐217.
  75. Kristhardt KK, Schumacher J, Finn‐Bodner ST, Carson‐Dunkerley S, Williams MA. Severe renal hemorrhage caused by pyelonephritis in 7 horses: clinical and ultrasonographic evaluation.. Can Vet J 1999;40:571‐576.
  76. Held JP, Wright B, Henton JE. Pyelonephritis associated with renal failure in a horse.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986;189:688‐689.
  77. Schott HC 2nd, Hines MT. Severe urinary tract hemorrhage in two horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994;204:1320.
  78. Vits L, Araya O, Bustamante H, Mohr F, Galecio S. Idiopathic renal haematuria in a 15‐year‐old Arabian mare.. Vet Rec 2008;162:251‐252.
  79. Aleman MR, Kuesis B, Schott HC, Carlson GP. Renal tubular acidosis in horses (1980‐1999).. J Vet Intern Med 2001;15:136‐143.
  80. van der Kolk JH, de Graaf‐Roelfsema E, Joles JA. Mixed proximal and distal renal tubular acidosis without aminoaciduria in a mare.. J Vet Intern Med 2007;21:1121‐1125.
  81. Ohmes CM, Davis EG, Beard LA, Vander Werf KA, Bianco AW, Giger U. Transient Fanconi syndrome in quarter horses.. Can Vet J 2014;55:147‐151.
  82. Ireland JL, McGowan CM. Epidemiology of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: a systematic literature review of clinical presentation, disease prevalence and risk factors.. Vet J 2018;235:22‐33.
  83. Durie I, van Galen G. Long‐term hormone replacement treatment in a horse with central diabetes insipidus.. J Vet Intern Med 2020;34:1013‐1017.
  84. Kranenburg LC, Thelen MH, Westermann CM, de Graaf‐Roelfsema E, van der Kolk JH. Use of desmopressin eye drops in the treatment of equine congenital central diabetes insipidus.. Vet Rec 2010;167:790‐791.
  85. Holdstock NB, Ousey JC, Rossdale PD. Glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, blood pressure and pulse rate in the equine neonate during the first 10 days post partum.. Equine Vet J 1998;30:335‐343.
  86. Brewer BD, Clement SF, Lotz WS, Gronwall R. A comparison of inulin, para‐aminohippuric acid, and endogenous creatinine clearances as measures of renal function in neonatal foals.. J Vet Intern Med 1990;4:301‐305.
  87. Collins NM, Axon JE, Carrick JB, Russell CM, Palmer JE. Severe hyponatraemia in foals: clinical findings, primary diagnosis and outcome.. Aust Vet J 2016;94:186‐191.
  88. Chaney KP, Holcombe SJ, Schott HC 2nd, Barr BS. Spurious hypercreatininemia: 28 neonatal foals (2000‐2008).. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2010;20:244‐249.
  89. Armengou L, Jose‐Cunilleras E, Ríos J, Cesarini C, Viu J, Monreal L. Metabolic and endocrine profiles in sick neonatal foals are related to survival.. J Vet Intern Med 2013;27:567‐575.
  90. Sanchez LC, Giguere S, Lester GD. Factors associated with survival of neonatal foals with bacteremia and racing performance of surviving thoroughbreds: 423 cases (1982‐2007).. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008;233:1446‐1452.
  91. Morris DD, Divers TJ, Whitlock RH. Renal clearance and fractional excretion of electrolytes over a 24‐hour period in horses.. Am J Vet Res 1984;45:2431‐2435.
  92. van Galen G, Olsen E, Siwinska N. Biomarkers of kidney disease in horses: a review of the current literature.. Animals (Basel) 2022;12:12.
  93. Siwinska N, Zak A, Paslawska U. Detecting acute kidney injury in horses by measuring the concentration of symmetric dimethylarginine in serum.. Acta Vet Scand 2021;63:3.
  94. Siwinska N, Zak A, Slowikowska M, Niedzwiedz A, Paslawska U. Serum symmetric dimethylarginine concentration in healthy horses and horses with acute kidney injury.. BMC Vet Res 2020;16:396.
  95. Siwinska N, Zak A, Paslawska U. Evaluation of serum and urine neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin and cystatin C as biomarkers of acute kidney injury in horses.. J Vet Res 2021;65:245‐252.
  96. Siwińska N, Pasławska U, Bąchor R. Evaluation of podocin in urine in horses using qualitative and quantitative methods.. PLoS One 2020;15:e0240586.
  97. Jacobsen S, Berg LC, Tvermose E, Laurberg MB, van Galen G. Validation of an ELISA for detection of neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) in equine serum.. Vet Clin Pathol 2018;47:603‐607.
  98. Arosalo BM, Raekallio M, Rajamäki M. Detecting early kidney damage in horses with colic by measuring matrix metalloproteinase −9 and −2, other enzymes, urinary glucose and total proteins.. Acta Vet Scand 2007;49:4.
  99. Bayless RL, Moore AR, Hassel DM, Byer BJ, Landolt GA, Nout‐Lomas YS. Equine urinary N‐acetyl‐beta‐D‐glucosaminidase assay validation and correlation with other markers of kidney injury.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019;31:688‐695.
  100. Draper AC, Bowen IM, Hallowell GD. Reference ranges and reliability of transabdominal ultrasonographic renal dimensions in thoroughbred horses.. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2012;53:336‐341.
  101. Siwinska N, Zak A, Slowikowska M, Szczepankiewicz B, Niedzwiedz A, Paslawska U. An assessment of the utility and repeatability of the renal resistive index in horses.. PLoS One 2019;14:e0226941.
  102. Walsh DM, Royal HD. Evaluation of a single injection of 99mTc‐labeled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid for measuring glomerular filtration rate in horses.. Am J Vet Res 1992;53:776‐780.
  103. Woods PR, Drost WT, Clarke CR, Rodebush CJ. Use of 99mTc‐mercaptoacetyltriglycine to evaluate renal function in horses.. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2000;41:85‐88.
  104. Moss AL, Acut EV, Ullal T, Applegate TJ, Hackett ES. Ureteropyeloscopic removal of a nephrolith from a 19 year old Hanoverian gelding.. Vet Surg 2022;51(Suppl 1):O53‐O59.
  105. Tyner GA, Nolen‐Walston RD, Hall T. A multicenter retrospective study of 151 renal biopsies in horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2011;25:532‐539.
  106. Eiro M, Katoh T, Watanabe T. Risk factors for bleeding complications in percutaneous renal biopsy.. Clin Exp Nephrol 2005;9:40‐45.
  107. Krajewski ML, Raghunathan K, Paluszkiewicz SM, Schermer CR, Shaw AD. Meta‐analysis of high‐ versus low‐chloride content in perioperative and critical care fluid resuscitation.. Br J Surg 2015;102:24‐36.
  108. Ding X, Cheng Z, Qian Q. Intravenous fluids and acute kidney injury.. Blood Purif 2017;43:163‐172.
  109. Prowle JR, Echeverri JE, Ligabo EV, Ronco C, Bellomo R. Fluid balance and acute kidney injury.. Nat Rev Nephrol 2010;6:107‐115.
  110. Aloy B, Launay‐Vacher V, Bleibtreu A. Antibiotics and chronic kidney disease: dose adjustment update for infectious disease clinical practice.. Med mal Infect 2020;50:323‐331.
  111. Munar MY, Singh H. Drug dosing adjustments in patients with chronic kidney disease.. Am Fam Physician 2007;75:1487‐1496.
  112. Monteiro B, Steagall PVM, Lascelles BDX. Long‐term use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in cats with chronic kidney disease: from controversy to optimism.. J Small Anim Pract 2019;60:459‐462.
  113. Mitsuboshi S, Kotake K, Takahashi T, Sato K, Sakamaki T. Association between misoprostol and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug‐induced kidney injury: a systematic review and meta‐analysis.. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2023;89:2662‐2670.
  114. Wang M. Kidney benefits of SLGT2 inhibitors: evidence from clinical trials.. Nat Rev Nephrol 2023;19:3.

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.