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Journal of medical entomology2021; 59(1); 1-13; doi: 10.1093/jme/tjab077

Ecology and Epidemiology of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in the Northeastern United States: An Historical Perspective.

Abstract: In the current review, we examine the regional history, ecology, and epidemiology of eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) to investigate the major drivers of disease outbreaks in the northeastern United States. EEEV was first recognized as a public health threat during an outbreak in eastern Massachusetts in 1938, but historical evidence for equine epizootics date back to the 1800s. Since then, sporadic disease outbreaks have reoccurred in the Northeast with increasing frequency and northward expansion of human cases during the last 20 yr. Culiseta melanura (Coquillett) (Diptera: Culicidae) serves as the main enzootic vector that drives EEEV transmission among wild birds, but this mosquito species will occasionally feed on mammals. Several species have been implicated as bridge vectors to horses and humans, with Coquilletstidia perturbans (Walker) as a leading suspect based on its opportunistic feeding behavior, vector competence, and high infection rates during recent disease outbreaks. A diversity of bird species are reservoir competent, exposed to EEEV, and serve as hosts for Cs. melanura, with a few species, including the wood thrush (Hlocichia mustelina) and the American robin (Turdus migratorius), contributing disproportionately to virus transmission based on available evidence. The major factors responsible for the sustained resurgence of EEEV are considered and may be linked to regional landscape and climate changes that support higher mosquito densities and more intense virus transmission.
© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America.
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Publication Date: 2021-11-05 PubMed ID: 34734628PubMed Central: PMC8755988DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab077Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This paper investigates the history, ecology, and spread of eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) to understand the causes of disease outbreaks in the northeastern United States. Special emphasis is made on the role of specific mosquito species and bird species in the transmission of the virus and the impact of landscape and climate changes on its spread.

Origins and History of EEEV in the Northeastern United States

  • This research examines the history of EEEV, which poses a public health threat. First acknowledged during an outbreak in Massachusetts in 1938, there are historical indications of horse epidemics dating back to the 1800s.
  • Over the last two decades, sporadic disease outbreaks have increasingly occurred in the northeastern United States, expanding northwards and impacting human health.

The Role of Mosquito Species in EEEV Transmission

  • Culiseta melanura is the primary enzootic vector that drives EEEV transmission among wild birds. While this mosquito typically feeds on birds, it will occasionally feed on mammals.
  • The paper identifies several species that could function as bridge vectors transmitting EEEV to horses and humans. In particular, Coquilletidia perturbans is regarded as a significant suspect due to its opportunistic feeding behavior, ability to carry the virus, and high infection rates during recent outbreaks.

Importance of Bird Species and Environmental Factors

  • Various bird species play a crucial role in the virus’s lifecycle. Many kinds of birds can carry EEEV and act as hosts for Cs. melanura mosquitoes. A few species, including the wood thrush and the American robin, contribute significantly to virus transmission.
  • Environmental influences, such as landscape changes and climatic shifts in the northeastern United States, that foster higher mosquito densities and increased virus transmission, are also critical drivers for the sustained resurgence of EEEV.

Cite This Article

APA
Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG. (2021). Ecology and Epidemiology of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in the Northeastern United States: An Historical Perspective. J Med Entomol, 59(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjab077

Publication

Journal of medical entomology
ISSN: 1938-2928
NlmUniqueID: 0375400
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 59
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-13

Researcher Affiliations

Armstrong, Philip M
  • Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, P.O. Box 1106. 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT 06504, USA.
Andreadis, Theodore G
  • Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, P.O. Box 1106. 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT 06504, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Birds / virology
  • Disease Reservoirs / virology
  • Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine / physiology
  • Encephalomyelitis, Equine / epidemiology
  • Encephalomyelitis, Equine / transmission
  • Encephalomyelitis, Equine / veterinary
  • Encephalomyelitis, Equine / virology
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / transmission
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Mid-Atlantic Region / epidemiology
  • Mosquito Vectors
  • New England / epidemiology

Grant Funding

  • U01 CK000509 / NCEZID CDC HHS

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Citations

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