FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Anim Reprod / Effect of different concentrations of Trolox® in associ...
Animal reproduction2022; 19(4); e20220010; doi: 10.1590/1984-3143-AR2022-0010

Effect of different concentrations of Trolox® in association with docosahexaenoic acid on equine semen freezing.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of different concentrations of Trolox and the addition of a fixed concentration of DHA in the freezing of semen of Mangalarga Marchador stallions. To that end, 16 ejaculates were frozen in the following extenders: E1) BotuCrio (BC; Control); E2) BC + 50 ngml DHA + 30 µM Trolox (BCDHA30T); E3) BC + 50 ngml DHA + 40 µM Trolox (BCDHA40T); E4) BC + 50 ngml DHA + 50 µM Trolox (BCDHA50T). All the tested extenders were similar in preserving different kinematic parameters, cell functional integrity, compacted DNA, and high and intermediate mitochondrial activity (P>0.05). However, sperm cryopreserved in BCDHA40T showed higher velocities than sperm frozen in the control extender (P<0.05). The 30 µM concentration of Trolox was worse for sperm motility and the 50 µM concentration of Trolox did not adequately preserve the structural integrity of the membranes in an extender containing DHA when compared to the BotuCrio (P<0.05) extender. The use of Trolox in freezing extenders containing DHA did not maximize the effect of BotuCrio, except for in the case of sperm velocity parameters when at a concentration of 40 µM.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-11-28 PubMed ID: 36504917PubMed Central: PMC9716341DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-AR2022-0010Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study investigates how different concentrations of Trolox, combined with one set concentration of DHA, impact the freezing process of horse semen. Specifically, the study used semen from Mangalarga Marchador stallions and found that a concentration of 40 µM of Trolox seemed to most effectively preserve sperm velocity.

Experiment Setup

  • The researchers looked at 16 ejaculates that were frozen using different combinations of the antioxidant Trolox and the omega-3 fatty acid DHA. The extenders used were: BotuCrio (control), BotuCrio with 50 ngml DHA and 30 µM Trolox, BotuCrio with 50 ngml DHA and 40 µM Trolox, and BotuCrio with 50 ngml DHA and 50 µM Trolox.
  • This experiment allowed the researchers to test the effects of different Trolox concentrations alongside a fixed DHA amount on the freezing of horse semen.

Key Findings

  • All tested extenders showed similar results in maintaining various kinematic parameters, cell functional integrity, compacted DNA, and high and intermediate mitochondrial activity during the freezing process.
  • However, the sperm that was frozen using the combination of BotuCrio, 50 ngml DHA, and 40 µM Trolox displayed higher velocities compared to the sperm frozen with the control extender.
  • The use of 30 µM concentration of Trolox adversely affected sperm motility, and the 50 µM concentration did not successfully preserve the structural integrity of the membranes in the presence of DHA, when compared to the standard BotuCrio extender.

Conclusion

  • The researchers concluded that incorporating Trolox within freezing extenders containing DHA did not generally enhance the final outcome beyond what was achievable with BotuCrio alone.
  • Yet, the combination of Trolox at a concentration of 40 µM did result in remarkable improvement in sperm velocity parameters. This could possibly point towards an optimal concentration of Trolox for freezing horse semen for this particular breed.

Cite This Article

APA
Aguiar CS, Barros CHSC, Machado WM, Allaman IB, Leite AO, Barbosa LP, Snoeck PPDN. (2022). Effect of different concentrations of Trolox® in association with docosahexaenoic acid on equine semen freezing. Anim Reprod, 19(4), e20220010. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-3143-AR2022-0010

Publication

Animal reproduction
ISSN: 1984-3143
NlmUniqueID: 101272804
Country: Brazil
Language: English
Volume: 19
Issue: 4
Pages: e20220010
PII: e20220010

Researcher Affiliations

Aguiar, Cristiane Silva
  • Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil.
  • Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brasil.
Barros, Celso Henrique Souza Costa
  • Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil.
  • Centro Universitário INTA, Sobral, CE, Brasil.
Machado, William Morais
  • Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil.
Allaman, Ivan Bezerra
  • Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil.
Leite, Antônio de Oliveira
  • Haras Pamplona, Cabaceiras do Paraguaçu, BA, Brasil.
Barbosa, Larissa Pires
  • Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brasil.
Snoeck, Paola Pereira das Neves
  • Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil.

Conflict of Interest Statement

Conflicts of interest: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

References

This article includes 69 references
  1. Agarwal A, Said TM. Role of sperm chromatin abnormalities and DNA damage in male infertility.. Hum Reprod Update 2003 Jul-Aug;9(4):331-45.
    doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmg027pubmed: 12926527google scholar: lookup
  2. Aguiar CS, Barros CHSC, Machado WM, Allaman IB, Barbosa LP, Snoeck PPN. Efeito do ácido docosa-hexaenoico e do Trolox® no diluidor de refrigeração de sêmen de garanhões da raça Mangalarga Marchador. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 2020;72(1):71–78.
    doi: 10.1590/1678-4162-10823google scholar: lookup
  3. Albertini R, Abuja PM. Prooxidant and antioxidant properties of Trolox C, analogue of vitamin E, in oxidation of low-density lipoprotein.. Free Radic Res 1999 Mar;30(3):181-8.
    doi: 10.1080/10715769900300201pubmed: 10711788google scholar: lookup
  4. Alvarenga MA, Papa FO, Landim-Alvarenga FC, Medeiros AS. Amides as cryoprotectants for freezing stallion semen: a review.. Anim Reprod Sci 2005 Oct;89(1-4):105-13.
    doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2005.07.001pubmed: 16099609google scholar: lookup
  5. Ball BA, Medina V, Gravance CG, Baumbe J. Effect of antioxidants on preservation of motility,viability and acrosomal integrity of equine spermatozoa during storage at 5 degrees C.. Theriogenology 2001 Sep 1;56(4):577-89.
    doi: 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00590-8pubmed: 11572439google scholar: lookup
  6. Bolle P, Evandri MG, Saso L. The controversial efficacy of vitamin E for human male infertility.. Contraception 2002 Apr;65(4):313-5.
    doi: 10.1016/S0010-7824(02)00277-9pubmed: 12020785google scholar: lookup
  7. Breininger E, Beorlegui NB, O'Flaherty CM, Beconi MT. Alpha-tocopherol improves biochemical and dynamic parameters in cryopreserved boar semen.. Theriogenology 2005 May;63(8):2126-35.
    doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.08.016pubmed: 15826678google scholar: lookup
  8. Brigelius-Flohé R, Traber MG. Vitamin E: function and metabolism.. FASEB J 1999 Jul;13(10):1145-55.
    doi: 10.1096/fasebj.13.10.1145pubmed: 10385606google scholar: lookup
  9. Brinsko SP, Varner DD, Love CC, Blanchard TL, Day BC, Wilson ME. Effect of feeding a DHA-enriched nutriceutical on the quality of fresh, cooled and frozen stallion semen.. Theriogenology 2005 Mar 15;63(5):1519-27.
    doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.07.010pubmed: 15725455google scholar: lookup
  10. Buege JA, Aust SD. Microsomal lipid peroxidation.. Methods Enzymol 1978;52:302-10.
    doi: 10.1016/S0076-6879(78)52032-6pubmed: 672633google scholar: lookup
  11. Burton GW, Joyce A, Ingold KU. Is vitamin E the only lipid-soluble, chain-breaking antioxidant in human blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes?. Arch Biochem Biophys 1983 Feb 15;221(1):281-90.
    doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(83)90145-5pubmed: 6830261google scholar: lookup
  12. Cao G, Alessio HM, Cutler RG. Oxygen-radical absorbance capacity assay for antioxidants.. Free Radic Biol Med 1993 Mar;14(3):303-11.
    doi: 10.1016/0891-5849(93)90027-Rpubmed: 8458588google scholar: lookup
  13. Cao G, Cutler RG. High concentrations of antioxidants may not improve defense against oxidative stress.. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1993 Nov-Dec;17(3):189-201.
    doi: 10.1016/0167-4943(93)90050-Rpubmed: 15374318google scholar: lookup
  14. CBRA . Manual for andrological examination and semen evaluation of animal semen. 3rd. Belo Horizonte: CBRA; 2013. Colégio Brasileiro de Reprodução Animal.
  15. Connor WE, Lin DS, Wolf DP, Alexander M. Uneven distribution of desmosterol and docosahexaenoic acid in the heads and tails of monkey sperm.. J Lipid Res 1998 Jul;39(7):1404-11.
    doi: 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)32521-9pubmed: 9684743google scholar: lookup
  16. Costa JMS, Souza WL, Moraes EA, Lima DIB, Magalhães LMV, Coelho VG. Efeito da adição dos antioxidantes trolox c e ácido ascórbico no sêmen fresco de carneiros sobre a atividade mitocondrial de espermatozoides descongelados. Ciênc Vet Tróp 2015;18:333–336.
  17. Domosławska A, Zdunczyk S, Franczyk M, Kankofer M, Janowski T. Selenium and vitamin E supplementation enhances the antioxidant status of spermatozoa and improves semen quality in male dogs with lowered fertility.. Andrologia 2018 Aug;50(6):e13023.
    doi: 10.1111/and.13023pubmed: 29744899google scholar: lookup
  18. Evans HC, Dinh TTN, Ugur MR, Hitit M, Sajeev D, Kaya A, Topper E, Nicodemus MC, Smith GD, Memili E. Lipidomic markers of sperm cryotolerance in cattle.. Sci Rep 2020 Nov 19;10(1):20192.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77089-9pmc: PMC7677385pubmed: 33214639google scholar: lookup
  19. Evenson D, Jost L. Sperm chromatin structure assay for fertility assessment.. Curr Protoc Cytom 2001 May;Chapter 7:Unit 7.13.
    doi: 10.1002/0471142956.cy0713s13pubmed: 18770725google scholar: lookup
  20. Fraser L. Structural damage to nuclear DNA in mammalian spermatozoa: its evaluation techniques and relationship with male infertility.. Pol J Vet Sci 2004;7(4):311-21.
    pubmed: 15633792
  21. Macías García B, González Fernández L, Ortega Ferrusola C, Morillo Rodríguez A, Gallardo Bolaños JM, Rodríguez Martinez H, Tapia JA, Morcuende D, Peña FJ. Fatty acids and plasmalogens of the phospholipids of the sperm membranes and their relation with the post-thaw quality of stallion spermatozoa.. Theriogenology 2011 Mar 15;75(5):811-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.10.021pubmed: 21144567google scholar: lookup
  22. Gholami H, Chamani M, Towhidi A, Fazeli MH. Effect of feeding a docosahexaenoic acid-enriched nutriceutical on the quality of fresh and frozen-thawed semen in Holstein bulls.. Theriogenology 2010 Dec;74(9):1548-58.
    doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.06.025pubmed: 20708237google scholar: lookup
  23. Gomes GM, Jacob JCF, Medeiros ASL, Papa FO, Alvarenga MA. Improvement of stallion spermatozoa preservation with alternative cryoprotectants for the Mangalarga Marchador breed. Theriogenology 2002;58(2-4):277–279.
    doi: 10.1016/S0093-691X(02)00899-3google scholar: lookup
  24. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Free radicals in biology and medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2015.
    doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198717478.001.0001google scholar: lookup
  25. Hammerstedt RH, Graham JK, Nolan JP. Cryopreservation of mammalian sperm: what we ask them to survive.. J Androl 1990 Jan-Feb;11(1):73-88.
    pubmed: 2179184
  26. Harris MA, Baumgard LH, Arns MJ, Webel SK. Stallion spermatozoa membrane phospholipid dynamics following dietary n-3 supplementation.. Anim Reprod Sci 2005 Oct;89(1-4):234-7.
    pubmed: 16265723
  27. Harrison RA, Vickers SE. Use of fluorescent probes to assess membrane integrity in mammalian spermatozoa.. J Reprod Fertil 1990 Jan;88(1):343-52.
    doi: 10.1530/jrf.0.0880343pubmed: 1690300google scholar: lookup
  28. Hatamoto LK, Baptista Sobrinho CA, Nichi M, Barnabe VH, Barnabe RC, Cortada CN. Effects of dexamethasone treatment (to mimic stress) and Vitamin E oral supplementation on the spermiogram and on seminal plasma spontaneous lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in dogs.. Theriogenology 2006 Oct;66(6-7):1610-4.
    doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.02.012pubmed: 16581116google scholar: lookup
  29. Hishikawa D, Valentine WJ, Iizuka-Hishikawa Y, Shindou H, Shimizu T. Metabolism and functions of docosahexaenoic acid-containing membrane glycerophospholipids.. FEBS Lett 2017 Sep;591(18):2730-2744.
    doi: 10.1002/1873-3468.12825pmc: PMC5639365pubmed: 28833063google scholar: lookup
  30. Hrudka F. Cytochemical and ultracytochemical demonstration of cytochrome c oxidase in spermatozoa and dynamics of its changes accompanying ageing or induced by stress.. Int J Androl 1987 Dec;10(6):809-28.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.1987.tb00385.xpubmed: 2828243google scholar: lookup
  31. Iizuka-Hishikawa Y, Hishikawa D, Sasaki J, Takubo K, Goto M, Nagata K, Nakanishi H, Shindou H, Okamura T, Ito C, Toshimori K, Sasaki T, Shimizu T. Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase 3 tunes the membrane status of germ cells by incorporating docosahexaenoic acid during spermatogenesis.. J Biol Chem 2017 Jul 21;292(29):12065-12076.
    doi: 10.1074/jbc.M117.791277pmc: PMC5519358pubmed: 28578315google scholar: lookup
  32. Jonathan M SC, Wildelfrancys LS, Elenice AM, Dailli I BL, Laiane MVM, Vitória GC. Efeito da adição dos antioxidantes trolox c e ácido ascórbico no sêmen fresco de carneiros sobre a atividade mitocondrial de espermatozoides descongelados. Cienc Vet Trop 2015;18:333–336.
  33. Kaeoket K, Sang-urai P, Thamniyom A, Chanapiwat P, Techakumphu M. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid on quality of cryopreserved boar semen in different breeds.. Reprod Domest Anim 2010 Jun;45(3):458-63.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01239.xpubmed: 19090818google scholar: lookup
  34. Kao SH, Chao HT, Chen HW, Hwang TIS, Liao TL, Wei YH. Increase of oxidative stress in human sperm with lower motility.. Fertil Steril 2008 May;89(5):1183-1190.
    doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.05.029pubmed: 17669405google scholar: lookup
  35. Kasimanickam R, Pelzer KD, Kasimanickam V, Swecker WS, Thatcher CD. Association of classical semen parameters, sperm DNA fragmentation index, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymatic activity of semen in ram-lambs.. Theriogenology 2006 Apr 15;65(7):1407-21.
    doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.05.056pubmed: 16188307google scholar: lookup
  36. Lenzi A, Gandini L, Maresca V, Rago R, Sgrò P, Dondero F, Picardo M. Fatty acid composition of spermatozoa and immature germ cells.. Mol Hum Reprod 2000 Mar;6(3):226-31.
    doi: 10.1093/molehr/6.3.226pubmed: 10694269google scholar: lookup
  37. Maia MS, Bicudo SD. Radicais livres, antioxidantes e função espermática em mamíferos: uma revisão. Rev Bras Reprod Anim 2009;33:183–193.
  38. Martínez-Soto JC, Landeras J, Gadea J. Spermatozoa and seminal plasma fatty acids as predictors of cryopreservation success.. Andrology 2013 May;1(3):365-75.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2012.00040.xpubmed: 23596043google scholar: lookup
  39. McCarthy MJ, Meyers SA. Antioxidant treatment in the absence of exogenous lipids and proteins protects rhesus macaque sperm from cryopreservation-induced cell membrane damage.. Theriogenology 2011 Jul 1;76(1):168-76.
    doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.01.029pmc: PMC3109175pubmed: 21458048google scholar: lookup
  40. Melo MIV, Henry M. Teste hiposmótico na avaliação do sêmen equino. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 1999;51:71–78.
  41. Mitre R, Cheminade C, Allaume P, Legrand P, Legrand AB. Oral intake of shark liver oil modifies lipid composition and improves motility and velocity of boar sperm.. Theriogenology 2004 Nov;62(8):1557-66.
    doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.02.004pubmed: 15451263google scholar: lookup
  42. Murphy C, English AM, Holden SA, Fair S. Cholesterol-loaded-cyclodextrins improve the post-thaw quality of stallion sperm.. Anim Reprod Sci 2014 Mar;145(3-4):123-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.01.013pubmed: 24583046google scholar: lookup
  43. Nasiri AH, Towhidi A, Zeinoaldini S. Combined effect of DHA and α-tocopherol supplementation during bull semen cryopreservation on sperm characteristics and fatty acid composition.. Andrologia 2012 May;44 Suppl 1:550-5.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2011.01225.xpubmed: 21951061google scholar: lookup
  44. Naves CS, Beletti ME, Duarte MB, Vieira RC. Avaliação da cromatina espermática em equinos com azul de toluidina e acridine orange. Biosci J 2004;20:117–124.
  45. Nguyen LN, Ma D, Shui G, Wong P, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Zhang X, Wenk MR, Goh EL, Silver DL. Mfsd2a is a transporter for the essential omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid.. Nature 2014 May 22;509(7501):503-6.
    doi: 10.1038/nature13241pubmed: 24828044google scholar: lookup
  46. Nichi M. Efeito do tratamento com antioxidantes e ácidos graxos poli-insaturados em amostras espermáticas epididimárias de touros. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo; 2009. dissertation. Portuguese.
  47. Nichi M. Sistemas de proteção enzimática e níveis de peroxidação espontânea dos lipídios seminais de touros zebuínos e taurinos criados a campo na região de Dourados, MS. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo; 2003. thesis. Portuguese.
  48. Peña FJ, Rodríguez Martínez H, Tapia JA, Ortega Ferrusola C, González Fernández L, Macías García B. Mitochondria in mammalian sperm physiology and pathology: a review.. Reprod Domest Anim 2009 Apr;44(2):345-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01211.xpubmed: 19144010google scholar: lookup
  49. Rice DS, Calandria JM, Gordon WC, Jun B, Zhou Y, Gelfman CM, Li S, Jin M, Knott EJ, Chang B, Abuin A, Issa T, Potter D, Platt KA, Bazan NG. Adiponectin receptor 1 conserves docosahexaenoic acid and promotes photoreceptor cell survival.. Nat Commun 2015 Mar 4;6:6228.
    doi: 10.1038/ncomms7228pmc: PMC4351799pubmed: 25736573google scholar: lookup
  50. Roqueta-Rivera M, Stroud CK, Haschek WM, Akare SJ, Segre M, Brush RS, Agbaga MP, Anderson RE, Hess RA, Nakamura MT. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation fully restores fertility and spermatogenesis in male delta-6 desaturase-null mice.. J Lipid Res 2010 Feb;51(2):360-7.
    doi: 10.1194/jlr.M001180pmc: PMC2803238pubmed: 19690334google scholar: lookup
  51. Sabeti P, Pourmasumi S, Rahiminia T, Akyash F, Talebi AR. Etiologies of sperm oxidative stress.. Int J Reprod Biomed 2016 Apr;14(4):231-40.
    doi: 10.29252/ijrm.14.4.231pmc: PMC4918773pubmed: 27351024google scholar: lookup
  52. Safarinejad MR, Hosseini SY, Dadkhah F, Asgari MA. Relationship of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids with semen characteristics, and anti-oxidant status of seminal plasma: a comparison between fertile and infertile men.. Clin Nutr 2010 Feb;29(1):100-5.
    doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2009.07.008pubmed: 19666200google scholar: lookup
  53. Sarlós P, Molnár A, Kókai M, Gábor G, Rátky J. Comparative evaluation of the effect of antioxidants in the conservation of ram semen.. Acta Vet Hung 2002;50(2):235-45.
    doi: 10.1556/avet.50.2002.2.13pubmed: 12113179google scholar: lookup
  54. Shindou H, Koso H, Sasaki J, Nakanishi H, Sagara H, Nakagawa KM, Takahashi Y, Hishikawa D, Iizuka-Hishikawa Y, Tokumasu F, Noguchi H, Watanabe S, Sasaki T, Shimizu T. Docosahexaenoic acid preserves visual function by maintaining correct disc morphology in retinal photoreceptor cells.. J Biol Chem 2017 Jul 21;292(29):12054-12064.
    doi: 10.1074/jbc.M117.790568pmc: PMC5519357pubmed: 28578316google scholar: lookup
  55. Sicherle CC, Maia MS, Bicudo SD, Green RE, Souza DB, Azevedo HC. The effect of Trolox addition to egg-yolk–Tris extender on the motility and membrane integrity of frozen-thawed ram spermatozoa. Nottingham: Nottingham niversity Press; 2006. Reproduction in domestic ruminants VI.
  56. Sicherle CC, Maia MS, Bicudo SD, Rodello L, Azevedo HC. Lipid peroxidation and generation of hydrogen peroxide in frozen-thawed ram semen supplemented with catalase or Trolox. Small Rumin Res 2011;95(2-3):144–149.
    doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.10.011google scholar: lookup
  57. Sieme H, Oldenhof H, Wolkers WF. Mode of action of cryoprotectants for sperm preservation.. Anim Reprod Sci 2016 Jun;169:2-5.
    doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.02.004pubmed: 26936658google scholar: lookup
  58. Sikka SC. Role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in andrology and assisted reproductive technology.. J Androl 2004 Jan-Feb;25(1):5-18.
    doi: 10.1002/j.1939-4640.2004.tb02751.xpubmed: 14662779google scholar: lookup
  59. Silva KMG, Gamboa SC, Rodrigues AS, Santos JR, Guerra MMP. Adição de piruvato de sódio e trolox ao diluidor utilizado para congelação de sêmen de garanhões férteis e subférteis. Cienc Rural 2008;38(8):2271–2277.
    doi: 10.1590/S0103-84782008000800028google scholar: lookup
  60. The R Project for Statistical Computing . Vienna: The R Project for Statistical Computing; 2016. [cited 2022 Oct 27]. software. Available from: https://www.R-project.org/n
  61. Towhidi A, Parks JE. Effect of n-3 fatty acids and α-tocopherol on post-thaw parameters and fatty acid composition of bovine sperm.. J Assist Reprod Genet 2012 Oct;29(10):1051-6.
    doi: 10.1007/s10815-012-9834-7pmc: PMC3492589pubmed: 22869241google scholar: lookup
  62. Towhidi A, Zeinoaldini S, Ardebili R, Davachi ND, Nasiri AH. Combined n-3 fatty acids and α-Tocopherol supplementation improved the ovine sperm cryosurvival. Iran J Biotechnol 2013;11(4):238–243.
    doi: 10.5812/ijb.14469google scholar: lookup
  63. Upreti GC, Jensen K, Oliver JE, Duganzich DM, Munday R, Smith JF. Motility of ram spermatozoa during storage in a chemically-defined diluent containing antioxidants.. Anim Reprod Sci 1997 Aug;48(2-4):269-78.
    doi: 10.1016/S0378-4320(97)00054-7pubmed: 9452879google scholar: lookup
  64. Venables WN, Ripley BD. Modern applied statistics with S. Berlin: Springer; 2002.
    doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-21706-2google scholar: lookup
  65. Verstegen J, Iguer-Ouada M, Onclin K. Computer assisted semen analyzers in andrology research and veterinary practice.. Theriogenology 2002 Jan 1;57(1):149-79.
    doi: 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00664-1pubmed: 11775967google scholar: lookup
  66. Wassall SR, Stillwell W. Polyunsaturated fatty acid-cholesterol interactions: domain formation in membranes.. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009 Jan;1788(1):24-32.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.10.011pubmed: 19014904google scholar: lookup
  67. Waterhouse KE, Hofmo PO, Tverdal A, Miller RR Jr. Within and between breed differences in freezing tolerance and plasma membrane fatty acid composition of boar sperm.. Reproduction 2006 May;131(5):887-94.
    doi: 10.1530/rep.1.01049pubmed: 16672353google scholar: lookup
  68. Wood PL, Scoggin K, Ball BA, Troedsson MH, Squires EL. Lipidomics of equine sperm and seminal plasma: Identification of amphiphilic (O-acyl)-ω-hydroxy-fatty acids.. Theriogenology 2016 Sep 15;86(5):1212-21.
    doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.012pubmed: 27180330google scholar: lookup
  69. Wu TW, Hashimoto N, Au JX, Wu J, Mickle DA, Carey D. Trolox protects rat hepatocytes against oxyradical damage and the ischemic rat liver from reperfusion injury.. Hepatology 1991 Mar;13(3):575-80.
    doi: 10.1002/hep.1840130328pubmed: 1999327google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.