Effect of feed rate and drill speed on temperatures in equine cortical bone.
Abstract: To examine the amount of heat generated in equine cortical bone by a 6.2-mm drill, using low- and high-speed and controlled feed rate drilling. Methods: 10 metacarpal bones harvested from five 2-year-old draft-type horses. Methods: Drilling on metacarpal bones was done using a machine shop mill with which the feed rate and drill speed could be precisely controlled. Bones were drilled, using 6 combinations of feed rate (1, 2, and 3 mm advance/s) and drill speed (317 and 1,242 revolutions/min [rpm], with maximal temperatures recorded by thermocouples placed 1, 1.5, and 2 mm from the drill. Maximal temperatures were evaluated for the effect of feed rate, drill speed, cortical thickness, and distance from the drill, using linear regression analysis. Results: Increasing feed rate from 1 to 2 and from 2 to 3 mm/s significantly decreased mean maximal temperature. Increasing drill speed from 317 to 1242 rpm significantly increased mean maximal temperature. Increasing cortical thickness significantly increased mean maximal temperature, and increasing the distance from the drill hole significantly decreased mean maximal temperatures. Conclusions: On the basis of our results, we recommend using low drill speeds while applying sufficient axial force to advance the drill as rapidly as possible through the bone. Conclusions: Results of using this in vitro model suggest that temperatures at the drill-bone interface may be sufficiently high to result in significant thermal necrosis when drilling equine cortical bone.
Publication Date: 1999-08-18 PubMed ID: 10451201
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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The study investigates how the speed of a drill and the rate at which it’s used affect the amount of heat produced in horse bone tissue, and thereby the risk of damage from heat. The results suggest that maintaining low drill speeds and applying enough pressure to quickly penetrate the bone can help reduce the risk of thermal damage.
Research Methodology
- The researchers collected 10 metacarpal bones from five 2-year-old draft-type horses for this experiment.
- They used a precisely controlled machine shop mill for drilling on these bones, using 6 different combinations of feed rate and drill speed.
- The feed rate variations used for the drill were 1, 2, and 3 mm advance/s, and the variations in drill speed were 317 and 1,242 rpm.
- The application of these drill speed and feed rate combinations allowed the researchers to note the heat produced at various stages.
- Temperature readings were recorded at three different distances from the drill: 1mm, 1.5mm, and 2mm – using thermocouples.
Findings and Conclusions
- The study found that increasing the feed rate significantly reduced the peak temperature. This means moving the drill faster through the bone material resulted in lower heat build-up.
- Increasing the speed of the drill, on the other hand, significantly increased the peak temperature, suggesting that faster rotation of the drill bit caused more heat generation.
- The research also found that the thickness of the cortical bone increased the overall temperature. This may be due to the increased resistance offered by thicker material causing more friction and heat.
- Interestingly, increasing the distance from the drilling spot significantly reduced peak temperatures. This suggests that the heat produced during drilling drops rapidly as we move away from the drill hole.
- Based on these results, the researchers recommended using low drill speeds, while applying enough force to rapidly advance the drill through the bone. This combination was found to create favourable conditions that minimize the risk of thermal damage.
- The research also suggested that in a practical setting, if a high-speed drill is used on horse bone, it could potentially produce enough heat to cause significant thermal necrosis or tissue death due to heat, which is a critical insight for veterinary surgical procedures.
Cite This Article
APA
Toews AR, Bailey JV, Townsend HG, Barber SM.
(1999).
Effect of feed rate and drill speed on temperatures in equine cortical bone.
Am J Vet Res, 60(8), 942-944.
Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Veterinary Anesthesiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Fracture Fixation / methods
- Fracture Fixation / veterinary
- Fracture Healing
- Fractures, Bone / surgery
- Fractures, Bone / veterinary
- Horses / injuries
- Horses / surgery
- Hot Temperature / adverse effects
- Linear Models
- Metacarpus / physiology
- Metacarpus / surgery
Citations
This article has been cited 7 times.- Sai Kiran NA, Sivaraju L, Vidyasagar K, Raj V, Rao AS, Mohan D, Thakar S, Aryan S, Hegde AS. Intradural "limited drill" technique of anterior clinoidectomy and optic canal unroofing for microneurosurgical management of ophthalmic segment and PCOM aneurysms-review of surgical results.. Neurosurg Rev 2020 Apr;43(2):555-564.
- Shoffstall AJ, Paiz JE, Miller DM, Rial GM, Willis MT, Menendez DM, Hostler SR, Capadona JR. Potential for thermal damage to the blood-brain barrier during craniotomy: implications for intracortical recording microelectrodes.. J Neural Eng 2018 Jun;15(3):034001.
- Delgado-Ruiz RA, Velasco Ortega E, Romanos GE, Gerhke S, Newen I, Calvo-Guirado JL. Slow drilling speeds for single-drill implant bed preparation. Experimental in vitro study.. Clin Oral Investig 2018 Jan;22(1):349-359.
- Katić V, Kamenar E, Blažević D, Spalj S. Geometrical design characteristics of orthodontic mini-implants predicting maximum insertion torque.. Korean J Orthod 2014 Jul;44(4):177-83.
- Kshettry VR, Jiang X, Chotai S, Ammirati M. Optic nerve surface temperature during intradural anterior clinoidectomy: a comparison between high-speed diamond burr and ultrasonic bone curette.. Neurosurg Rev 2014 Jul;37(3):453-8; discussion 458-9.
- McCann PA, Sarangi PP, Baker RP, Blom AW, Amirfeyz R. Thermal damage during humeral reaming in total shoulder resurfacing.. Int J Shoulder Surg 2013 Jul;7(3):100-4.
- Abe T, Satoh K, Wada A. Optic nerve decompression for orbitofrontal fibrous dysplasia: recent development of surgical technique and equipment.. Skull Base 2006 Aug;16(3):145-55.
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