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Effect of intratesticular injection of lidocaine on cardiovascular responses to castration in isoflurane-anesthetized stallions.
Abstract: To evaluate the effect of intratesticular administration of lidocaine on cardiovascular responses and cremaster muscle tension during castration of isoflurane-anesthetized stallions. Methods: 28 healthy stallions (mean +/- SD age, 4.2 +/- 2.8 years) with no testicular abnormalities that were scheduled for castration. Methods: Each horse was given acepromazine (20 microg/kg, IM), romifidine (50 microg/kg, IV), and butorphanol (20 microg/kg, IV). Anesthesia was induced with ketamine (2.5 mg/kg, IV) and midazolam (50 microg/kg, IV) and maintained with isoflurane (1.7% end-tidal concentration). After 10 minutes at a stable anesthetic plane, a needle was placed in each testicle and either no fluid or 15 mL of 2% lidocaine was injected; 10 minutes after needle placement, surgery was commenced. Pulse rate and arterial blood pressures were measured invasively at intervals from 5 minutes prior to castration (baseline) until 5 minutes after the left spermatic cord was clamped. The surgeon subjectively scored the degree of cremaster muscle tension. In 2 horses, lidocaine labeled with radioactive carbon (C(14)) was used and testicular autoradiograms were obtained. Results: Compared with baseline values, castration significantly increased blood pressure measurements; intratesticular injection of lidocaine decreased this blood pressure response and cremaster muscle tension. In 2 horses, autoradiography revealed diffuse distribution of lidocaine into the spermatic cord but poor distribution into the cremaster muscle. Conclusions: In isoflurane-anesthetized stallions, intratesticular injection of lidocaine prior to castration appeared to decrease intraoperative blood pressure responses and cremaster muscle tension and may be a beneficial supplement to isoflurane anesthesia.
Publication Date: 2006-03-02 PubMed ID: 16506900DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.3.403Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
- Randomized Controlled Trial
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
The research article explores the impact of anesthetic lidocaine’s intratesticular injection on cardiovascular responses and muscular tension during the castration procedure in horses under isoflurane anesthesia. The study concludes that injecting lidocaine into the testes prior to castration can reduce intraoperative blood pressure and cremaster muscle tension, suggesting the potential benefits of this method as a supplement to isoflurane anesthesia.
Research Methodology
- The research was carried out on 28 healthy stallions with an average age of about four years who had been scheduled for castration.
- Before the anesthesia, each horse was administered acepromazine, romifidine, and butorphanol to help manage pain and anxiety.
- Anesthesia was induced using ketamine and midazolam, while isoflurane was used for its maintenance.
- After ensuring a stable anesthetic plane, a needle was inserted in each testicle of the subject. Here, they either received an injection of 15 mL of 2% lidocaine or no fluid as a control.
- Castration started 10 minutes post the needle placement, during which the pulse rate and arterial blood pressures were closely monitored, recorded at 5 minute intervals before, during, and after the procedure.
- The surgeon noted the cremaster muscle tension throughout the procedure subjectively.
Results of the Study
- The study observed a significant increase in the blood pressure measurements during the castration process compared to the baseline values.
- The administration of intratesticular lidocaine was found to decrease this elevated blood pressure response and also lessen the cremaster muscle tension.
- In two particular cases, autoradiography was used with lidocaine labeled with radioactive carbon (C(14)). It illustrated a broad distribution of lidocaine into the spermatic cord but showcased poor distribution into the cremaster muscle.
Study Conclusions
- The study concluded that the use of intratesticular lidocaine injection before castration seemed to decrease the intraoperative blood pressure responses and cremaster muscle tension.
- These results suggest that lidocaine could be a beneficial supplement to isoflurane anesthesia during the castration procedure in isoflurane-anesthetized stallions, potentially enhancing the safety and efficiency of the surgical procedure.
Cite This Article
APA
Haga HA, Lykkjen S, Revold T, Ranheim B.
(2006).
Effect of intratesticular injection of lidocaine on cardiovascular responses to castration in isoflurane-anesthetized stallions.
Am J Vet Res, 67(3), 403-408.
https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.67.3.403 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
MeSH Terms
- Anesthetics, Local / administration & dosage
- Anesthetics, Local / pharmacology
- Animals
- Blood Pressure / drug effects
- Heart Rate / drug effects
- Horses / physiology
- Injections
- Isoflurane / pharmacology
- Lidocaine / administration & dosage
- Lidocaine / pharmacology
- Male
- Orchiectomy / veterinary
Citations
This article has been cited 14 times.- Vullo C, Crupi R, Di Paola R, Cuzzocrea S, Gugliandolo E, Biondi V, Catone G. Intratesticular Versus Intrafunicular Lidocaine to Reduce Perioperative Nociception and Immunological Response in Ponies Undergoing Field Castration. Vet Sci 2022 Nov 28;9(12).
- Söbbeler FJ, Wendt S, Briese A, Tünsmeier J, Waldmann KH, Kästner SBR, von Altrock A. Comparative Study of Pain-Related Responses of Male Piglets up to Seven Days of Age to the Application of Different Local Anaesthetics and Subsequent Castration. Animals (Basel) 2022 Oct 19;12(20).
- Guerri G, Cerasoli I, Straticò P, De Amicis I, Giangaspero B, Varasano V, Paolini A, Carluccio A, Petrizzi L. The Clinical Effect of Xylazine Premedication in Water Buffalo Calves (Bubalus bubalis) Undergoing Castration under General Anaesthesia. Animals (Basel) 2021 Dec 1;11(12).
- Straticò P, Carluccio A, Varasano V, Guerri G, Suriano R, Robbe D, Cerasoli I, Petrizzi L. Analgesic Effect of Butorphanol during Castration in Donkeys under Total Intravenous Anaesthesia. Animals (Basel) 2021 Aug 9;11(8).
- Cunneen A, Pratt S, Perkins N, McEwen M, Truchetti G, Rainger J, Farry T, Kidd L, Goodwin W. Total Intravenous Anaesthesia with Ketamine, Medetomidine and Midazolam as Part of a Balanced Anaesthesia Technique in Horses Undergoing Castration. Vet Sci 2021 Jul 26;8(8).
- Morris TB, Lumsden JM, Dunlop CI, Locke V, Sommerauer S, Hurcombe SDA. Clinical Assessment of an Ipsilateral Cervical Spinal Nerve Block for Prosthetic Laryngoplasty in Anesthetized Horses. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:284.
- Straticò P, Varasano V, Suriano R, Mariscoli M, Robbe D, Giammarco M, Vignola G, Petrizzi L. Analgesic effects of intravenous flunixin and intrafunicular lidocaine or their combination for castration of lambs. Vet Rec Open 2018;5(1):e000266.
- Abass M, Picek S, Garzón JFG, Kühnle C, Zaghlou A, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R. Local mepivacaine before castration of horses under medetomidine isoflurane balanced anaesthesia is effective to reduce perioperative nociception and cytokine release. Equine Vet J 2018 Nov;50(6):733-738.
- Mahmoud Ali Omar M, Mohamed Ahmed Hassanein K, Khalifa Abdel-Razek AR, Ali Yousef Hussein H. Unilateral orchidectomy in donkey (Equus asinus): Evaluation of different surgical techniques, histological and morphological changes on remaining testis. Vet Res Forum 2013 Winter;4(1):1-6.
- Flouraki E, Loukopoulos E, Gougoulis D, Savvas I, Margeti C, Karagianni K, Tsioli V. The Effect of Lidocaine Splash Block Followed by Suspensory Ligament Massage in Female Dogs Undergoing Ovariohysterectomy: A Prospective Study. Animals (Basel) 2024 Dec 5;14(23).
- Laves J, Wergin M, Bauer N, Müller SF, Failing K, Büttner K, Hagen A, Melzer M, Röcken M. The effect of Traumeel LT ad us. vet. on the perioperative inflammatory response after castration of stallions: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study. Front Vet Sci 2024;11:1342345.
- Helal IE, Al-Abbadi HA, Hashem MA, Abdelrazek HMA, Shekidef MH, Ahmed MF. Analgesic Effect of Dexmedetomidine-Nalbuphine Combination vs. Dexmedetomidine Alone in Donkeys Undergoing Field Castration under Total Intravenous Anesthesia. Animals (Basel) 2024 Aug 23;14(17).
- Serpieri M, Bonaffini G, Ottino C, Quaranta G, Mauthe von Degerfeld M. Effects of Intratesticular Lidocaine in Pet Rabbits Undergoing Orchiectomy. Animals (Basel) 2024 Feb 7;14(4).
- Scantamburlo G, Nofziger C, Paulmichl M, Vanoni S. Genetic analysis of the equine orthologues for human CYP2D6: unraveling the complexity of the CYP2D family in horses. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1188633.
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