FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Veterinary sciences2025; 12(4); doi: 10.3390/vetsci12040309

Effect of Management System on Fecal Microbiota in Arabian Horses: Preliminary Results.

Abstract: The gut microbiota plays a basic role in maintaining the psychophysical health and well-being of horses. Understanding the complex interactions among microbial communities in relation to age, management, and health is a topic of growing interest. The equine microbiota, given its complexity, is subject to variations caused by internal or external stressors that can lead to metabolic problems and pathologies, i.e., obesity and laminitis. The aim of this study was to characterize the fecal microbiota of 12 purebred Arabian horses and to compare the microbial communities in two distinct management systems (Group 1 = box 22 h/day + paddock 2 h/day and Group 2 = paddock 24 h). Fecal samples were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA V3-V4 amplicons. The microbiota was predominantly composed of Firmicutes (32-53%) and Bacteroidetes (32-47.8%), with Ruminococcaceae emerging as the most prevalent bacterial family (10.9-24%). Comparisons of alpha and beta diversity revealed no statistically significant differences between the groups based on different management systems. This preliminary characterization contributes valuable data for understanding the equine fecal microbiota and lays the groundwork for future studies on the relationship among intestinal microbiota and equine health, performance, and management strategies.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2025-03-28 PubMed ID: 40284811PubMed Central: PMC12031164DOI: 10.3390/vetsci12040309Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research study is about investigating the effect of different management systems on the gut microbiota of Arabian horses. The study provides preliminary data on the composition of the horses’ fecal microbiota and reveals there are no significant differences in microbiota diversity between horses kept in a box for 22 hours a day versus those kept in a paddock around the clock.

Introduction

  • The study places emphasis on the importance of gut microbiota in maintaining the psychophysical health and well-being of horses. It also highlights the growing interest in understanding the intricate relationship among microbial communities in relation to horses’ age, management, and health.
  • It further points out that equine microbiota is complicated and can be disturbed by various internal or external stressors. Such disturbances can lead to several health issues such as metabolic problems, obesity, and laminitis.

Objective and Methodology

  • The primary objective of this study was to characterize the fecal microbiota of 12 purebred Arabian horses and to compare the microbial communities in two different management systems.
  • The two management systems compared are Group 1 – box 22 hours per day and paddock for 2 hours per day, and Group 2 – paddock for 24 hours per day.
  • Fecal samples were collected from the horses and analyzed using high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA V3-V4 amplicons.

Results

  • The analysis revealed that the microbiota was mostly composed of Firmicutes (32-53%) and Bacteroidetes (32-47.8%), with Ruminococcaceae being the most prevalent bacterial family (10.9-24%).
  • When comparing the alpha and beta diversity (measures of microbiotic richness and evenness), the study discovered no statistically significant differences between the groups based on different management systems.

Conclusion

  • This preliminary study provides valuable insights for understanding the equine fecal microbiota.
  • Despite there being no significant differences in microbiota diversity between the two management systems, the study paves the way for future research regarding the relationship between intestinal microbiota and equine health, performance, and management strategies.

Cite This Article

APA
Curadi MC, Vallone F, Tenuzzo M, Gazzano A, Gazzano V, Macchioni F, Vannini C. (2025). Effect of Management System on Fecal Microbiota in Arabian Horses: Preliminary Results. Vet Sci, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040309

Publication

Veterinary sciences
ISSN: 2306-7381
NlmUniqueID: 101680127
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 4

Researcher Affiliations

Curadi, Maria Claudia
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
Vallone, Flavio
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
Tenuzzo, Martina
  • Department of Biology, Via Volta 4, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
Gazzano, Angelo
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
Gazzano, Valentina
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
Macchioni, Fabio
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
Vannini, Claudia
  • Department of Biology, Via Volta 4, 56126 Pisa, Italy.

Grant Funding

  • PRA_2022_8 / University of Pisa

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

This article includes 78 references
  1. von Keyserlingk M.A.G., Weary D.M.. A 100-Year Review: Animal Welfare in the Journal of Dairy Science—The First 100 Years.. J. Dairy. Sci. 2017;100:10432–10444.
    doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-13298pubmed: 29153174google scholar: lookup
  2. Adamaκopoulou C., Benedetti B., Zappaterra M., Felici M., Masebo N.T., Previti A., Passantino A., Padalino B.. Cats’ and Dogs’ Welfare: Text Mining and Topics Modeling Analysis of the Scientific Literature.. Front. Vet. Sci. 2023;10:1268821.
    pmc: PMC10601470pubmed: 37901113
  3. Narayan E., Padalino B.. Editorial: Reviews in Animal Welfare.. Front. Vet. Sci. 2024;11:1485518.
    pmc: PMC11456563pubmed: 39376922
  4. Benedetti B., Felici M., Nanni Costa L., Padalino B.. A Review of Horse Welfare Literature from 1980 to 2023 with a Text Mining and Topic Analysis Approach.. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 2023;22:1095–1109.
    pmc: PMC10665734pubmed: 38026661
  5. Mellor D.J., Beausoleil N.J., Littlewood K.E., McLean A.N., McGreevy P.D., Jones B., Wilkins C.. The 2020 Five Domains Model: Including Human–Animal Interactions in Assessments of Animal Welfare.. Animals 2020;10:1870.
    doi: 10.3390/ani10101870pmc: PMC7602120pubmed: 33066335google scholar: lookup
  6. Keaveney S.M.. Equines and Their Human Companions.. J. Bus. Res. 2008;61:444–454.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.07.017google scholar: lookup
  7. Luke K.L., Rawluk A., McAdie T., Smith B.P., Warren-Smith A.K.. How Equestrians Conceptualise Horse Welfare: Does It Facilitate or Hinder Change?. Animal Welfare 2023;32:e59.
    doi: 10.1017/awf.2023.79pmc: PMC10937214pubmed: 38487466google scholar: lookup
  8. Wolframm I.A., Douglas J., Pearson G.. Changing Hearts and Minds in the Equestrian World One Behaviour at a Time.. Animals 2023;13:748.
    doi: 10.3390/ani13040748pmc: PMC9952075pubmed: 36830535google scholar: lookup
  9. Cellai S., Gazzano A., Casini L., Gazzano V., Cecchi F., Macchioni F., Cozzi A., Pageat L., Arroub S., Fratini S.. The Memory Abilities of the Elderly Horse.. Animals 2024;14:3073.
    doi: 10.3390/ani14213073pmc: PMC11545349pubmed: 39518796google scholar: lookup
  10. Phelipon R., Hennes N., Ruet A., Bret-Morel A., Górecka-Bruzda A., Lansade L.. Forage, Freedom of Movement, and Social Interactions Remain Essential Fundamentals for the Welfare of High-Level Sport Horses.. Front. Vet. Sci. 2024;11:1504116.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1504116pmc: PMC11615640pubmed: 39634765google scholar: lookup
  11. Lesimple C., Gautier E., Benhajali H., Rochais C., Lunel C., Bensaïd S., Khalloufi A., Henry S., Hausberger M.. Stall Architecture Influences Horses’ Behaviour and the Prevalence and Type of Stereotypies.. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2019;219:104833.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2019.104833google scholar: lookup
  12. Mazzola S.M., Colombani C., Pizzamiglio G., Cannas S., Palestrini C., Costa E.D., Gazzonis A.L., Bionda A., Crepaldi P.. Do You Think i Am Living Well? A Four-Season Hair Cortisol Analysis on Leisure Horses in Different Housing and Management Conditions.. Animals 2021;11:2141.
    doi: 10.3390/ani11072141pmc: PMC8300697pubmed: 34359269google scholar: lookup
  13. Christensen J.W., Ladewig J., Søndergaard E., Malmkvist J.. Effects of Individual versus Group Stabling on Social Behaviour in Domestic Stallions.. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2002;75:233–248.
  14. Ruet A., Lemarchand J., Parias C., Mach N., Moisan M.P., Foury A., Briant C., Lansade L.. Housing Horses in Individual Boxes Is a Challenge with Regard to Welfare.. Animals 2019;9:621.
    doi: 10.3390/ani9090621pmc: PMC6770668pubmed: 31466327google scholar: lookup
  15. Dai F., Dalla Costa E., Minero M., Briant C.. Does Housing System Affect Horse Welfare? The AWIN Welfare Assessment Protocol Applied to Horses Kept in an Outdoor Group-Housing System? The ‘Parcours’.. Anim. Welfare 2023;32:e22.
    doi: 10.1017/awf.2023.9pmc: PMC10936357pubmed: 38487418google scholar: lookup
  16. Bradshaw-Wiley E., Randle H.. The Effect of Stabling Routines on Potential Behavioural Indicators of Affective State in Horses and Their Use in Assessing Quality of Life.. Animals 2023;13:1065.
    doi: 10.3390/ani13061065pmc: PMC10044549pubmed: 36978606google scholar: lookup
  17. Lesimple C., Reverchon-Billot L., Galloux P., Stomp M., Boichot L., Coste C., Henry S., Hausberger M.. Free Movement: A Key for Welfare Improvement in Sport Horses?. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2020;225:104972.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2020.104972google scholar: lookup
  18. König U., Visser E.K., Hall C.. Indicators of Stress in Equitation.. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2017;190:43–56.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2017.02.018google scholar: lookup
  19. Alexander T.W., Plaizier K.J.C.. The Importance of Microbiota in Ruminant Production.. Anim. Front. 2016;6:4–7.
  20. Blake A.B., Suchodolski J.S.. Importance of Gut Microbiota for the Health and Disease of Dogs and Cats.. Anim. Front. 2016;6:37–42.
    doi: 10.2527/af.2016-0032google scholar: lookup
  21. Grond K., Sandercock B.K., Jumpponen A., Zeglin L.H.. The Avian Gut Microbiota: Community, Physiology and Function in Wild Birds.. J. Avian Biol. 2018;49:e01788.
  22. Trevelline B.K., Fontaine S.S., Hartup B.K., Kohl K.D.. Conservation Biology Needs a Microbial Renaissance: A Call for the Consideration of Host-Associated Microbiota in Wildlife Management Practices.. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2019;286:20182448.
    pmc: PMC6364583pubmed: 30963956
  23. Hou K., Wu Z.X., Chen X.Y., Wang J.Q., Zhang D., Xiao C., Zhu D., Koya J.B., Wei L., Li J.. Microbiota in Health and Diseases.. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 2022;7:135.
    pmc: PMC9034083pubmed: 35461318
  24. Venable E.B., Bland S.D., McPherson J.L., Francis J.. Role of the Gut Microbiota in Equine Health and Disease.. Anim. Front. 2016;6:43–49.
    doi: 10.2527/af.2016-0033google scholar: lookup
  25. Mach N., Ruet A., Clark A., Bars-Cortina D., Ramayo-Caldas Y., Crisci E., Pennarun S., Dhorne-Pollet S., Foury A., Moisan M.P.. Priming for Welfare: Gut Microbiota Is Associated with Equitation Conditions and Behavior in Horse Athletes.. Sci. Rep. 2020;10:8311.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65444-9pmc: PMC7239938pubmed: 32433513google scholar: lookup
  26. Arias-Esquivel A.M., Jeong K.C., Fan P., Lance J., DeNotta S., Wickens C.. Gut Microbiome Characteristics of Horses with History of Cribbing Behavior: An Observational Study.. J. Vet. Behav. 2024;72:40–50.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2023.12.008google scholar: lookup
  27. Janabis A.H.D., Biddle A.S., Klein D., McKeever K.H.. Exercise Training-Induced Changes in the Gut Microbiota of Standardbred Racehorses.. Comp. Exerc. Physiol. 2016;12:119–130.
    doi: 10.3920/CEP160015google scholar: lookup
  28. Mach N., Midoux C., Leclercq S., Pennarun S., Le Moyec L., Rué O., Robert C., Sallé G., Barrey E.. Mining the Equine Gut Metagenome: Poorly-Characterized Taxa Associated with Cardiovascular Fitness in Endurance Athletes.. Commun. Biol. 2022;5:1032.
    doi: 10.1038/s42003-022-03977-7pmc: PMC9529974pubmed: 36192523google scholar: lookup
  29. Park T., Yoon J., Yun Y.M., Unno T.. Comparison of the Fecal Microbiota with High- and Low Performance Race Horses.. J. Anim. Sci. Technol. 2024;62:425–437.
    doi: 10.5187/JAST.2023.E45pmc: PMC11016738pubmed: 38628692google scholar: lookup
  30. Garber A., Hastie P., Murray J.A.. Factors Influencing Equine Gut Microbiota: Current Knowledge.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2020;88:102943.
    pubmed: 32303307
  31. Weinert-Nelson J.R., Biddle A.S., Sampath H., Williams C.A.. Fecal Microbiota, Forage Nutrients, and Metabolic Responses of Horses Grazing Warm- and Cool-Season Grass Pastures.. Animals 2023;13:790.
    doi: 10.3390/ani13050790pmc: PMC10000167pubmed: 36899650google scholar: lookup
  32. Massacci F.R., Clark A., Ruet A., Lansade L., Costa M., Mach N.. Inter-Breed Diversity and Temporal Dynamics of the Faecal Microbiota in Healthy Horses.. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 2020;137:103–120.
    doi: 10.1111/jbg.12441pubmed: 31523867google scholar: lookup
  33. Baraille M., Buttet M., Grimm P., Milojevic V., Julliand S., Julliand V.. Changes of Faecal Bacterial Communities and Microbial Fibrolytic Activity in Horses Aged from 6 to 30 Years Old.. PLoS ONE 2024;19:e0303029.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303029pmc: PMC11146703pubmed: 38829841google scholar: lookup
  34. Antwis R.E., Lea J.M.D., Unwin B., Shultz S.. Gut Microbiome Composition Is Associated with Spatial Structuring and Social Interactions in Semi-Feral Welsh Mountain Ponies.. Microbiome 2018;6:207.
    doi: 10.1186/s40168-018-0593-2pmc: PMC6251106pubmed: 30466491google scholar: lookup
  35. Ang L., Vinderola G., Endo A., Kantanen J., Jingfeng C., Binetti A., Burns P., Qingmiao S., Suying D., Zujiang Y.. Gut Microbiome Characteristics in Feral and Domesticated Horses from Different Geographic Locations.. Commun. Biol. 2022;5:172.
    doi: 10.1038/s42003-022-03116-2pmc: PMC8881449pubmed: 35217713google scholar: lookup
  36. Metcalf J.L., Song S.J., Morton J.T., Weiss S., Seguin-Orlando A., Joly F., Feh C., Taberlet P., Coissac E., Amir A.. Evaluating the Impact of Domestication and Captivity on the Horse Gut Microbiome.. Sci. Rep. 2017;7:15497.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-15375-9pmc: PMC5686199pubmed: 29138485google scholar: lookup
  37. Górniak W., Cholewińska P., Szeligowska N., Wołoszyńska M., Soroko M., Czyż K.. Effect of Intense Exercise on the Level of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes Phyla in the Digestive System of Thoroughbred Racehorses.. Animals 2021;11:290.
    doi: 10.3390/ani11020290pmc: PMC7910997pubmed: 33498857google scholar: lookup
  38. Garrett L.A., Brown R., Poxton I.R.. A Comparative Study of the Intestinal Microbiota of Healthy Horses and Those Suffering from Equine Grass Sickness.. Veter. Microbiol. 2002;87:81–88.
    pubmed: 12079749
  39. Kauter A., Epping L., Semmler T., Antao E.M., Kannapin D., Stoeckle S.D., Gehlen H., Lübke-Becker A., Günther S., Wieler L.H.. The Gut Microbiome of Horses: Current Research on Equine Enteral Microbiota and Future Perspectives.. Anim. Microbiome 2019;1:14.
    pmc: PMC7807895pubmed: 33499951
  40. Theelen M.J.P., Luiken R.E.C., Wagenaar J.A., Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan M.M., Rossen J.W.A., Zomer A.L.. The Equine Faecal Microbiota of Healthy Horses and Ponies in the Netherlands: Impact of Host and Environmental Factors.. Animals 2021;11:1762.
    doi: 10.3390/ani11061762pmc: PMC8231505pubmed: 34204691google scholar: lookup
  41. Chaucheyras-Durand F., Sacy A., Karges K., Apper E.. Gastro-Intestinal Microbiota in Equines and Its Role in Health and Disease: The Black Box Opens.. Microorganisms 2022;10:2517.
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10122517pmc: PMC9783266pubmed: 36557769google scholar: lookup
  42. Costa M.C., Arroyo L.G., Allen-Vercoe E., Stämpfli H.R., Kim P.T., Sturgeon A., Weese J.S.. Comparison of the Fecal Microbiota of Healthy Horses and Horses with Colitis by High Throughput Sequencing of the V3-V5 Region of the 16S RRNA Gene.. PLoS ONE 2012;7:e41484.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041484pmc: PMC3409227pubmed: 22859989google scholar: lookup
  43. Elzinga S.E., Weese J.S., Adams A.A.. Comparison of the Fecal Microbiota in Horses With Equine Metabolic Syndrome and Metabolically Normal Controls Fed a Similar All-Forage Diet.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2016;44:9–16.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.05.010google scholar: lookup
  44. Dougal K., De La Fuente G., Harris P.A., Girdwood S.E., Pinloche E., Geor R.J., Nielsen B.D., Schott H.C., Elzinga S., Jamie Newbold C.. Characterisation of the Faecal Bacterial Community in Adult and Elderly Horses Fed a High Fibre, High Oil or High Starch Diet Using 454 Pyrosequencing.. PLoS ONE 2014;9:e87424.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087424pmc: PMC3913607pubmed: 24504261google scholar: lookup
  45. Den Besten G., Van Eunen K., Groen A.K., Venema K., Reijngoud D.J., Bakker B.M.. The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in the Interplay between Diet, Gut Microbiota, and Host Energy Metabolism.. J. Lipid Res. 2013;54:2325–2340.
    pmc: PMC3735932pubmed: 23821742
  46. Fusco W., Lorenzo M.B., Cintoni M., Porcari S., Rinninella E., Kaitsas F., Lener E., Mele M.C., Gasbarrini A., Collado M.C.. Short-Chain Fatty-Acid-Producing Bacteria: Key Components of the Human Gut Microbiota.. Nutrients 2023;15:2211.
    doi: 10.3390/nᔉ2211pmc: PMC10180739pubmed: 37432351google scholar: lookup
  47. Stojanov S., Berlec A., Štrukelj B.. The Influence of Probiotics on the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio in the Treatment of Obesity and Inflammatory Bowel Disease.. Microorganisms 2020;8:1715.
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8111715pmc: PMC7692443pubmed: 33139627google scholar: lookup
  48. Costa M.C., Silva G., Ramos R.V., Staempfli H.R., Arroyo L.G., Kim P., Weese J.S.. Characterization and Comparison of the Bacterial Microbiota in Different Gastrointestinal Tract Compartments in Horses.. Vet. J. 2015;205:74–80.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.018pubmed: 25975855google scholar: lookup
  49. Fernandes J., Su W., Rahat-Rozenbloom S., Wolever T.M.S., Comelli E.M.. Adiposity, Gut Microbiota and Faecal Short Chain Fatty Acids Are Linked in Adult Humans.. Nutr. Diabetes 2014;4:e121.
    doi: 10.1038/nutd.2014.23pmc: PMC4079931pubmed: 24979150google scholar: lookup
  50. Boucher L., Leduc L., Leclère M., Costa M.C.. Current Understanding of Equine Gut Dysbiosis and Microbiota Manipulation Techniques: Comparison with Current Knowledge in Other Species.. Animals 2024;14:758.
    doi: 10.3390/ani14050758pmc: PMC10931082pubmed: 38473143google scholar: lookup
  51. Magne F., Gotteland M., Gauthier L., Zazueta A., Pesoa S., Navarrete P., Balamurugan R.. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio: A Relevant Marker of Gut Dysbiosis in Obese Patients?. Nutrients 2020;12:1474.
    doi: 10.3390/nህ1474pmc: PMC7285218pubmed: 32438689google scholar: lookup
  52. Destrez A., Grimm P., Julliand V.. Dietary-Induced Modulation of the Hindgut Microbiota Is Related to Behavioral Responses during Stressful Events in Horses.. Physiol. Behav. 2019;202:94–100.
    doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.003pubmed: 30726719google scholar: lookup
  53. Klindworth A., Pruesse E., Schweer T., Peplies J., Quast C., Horn M., Glöckner F.O.. Evaluation of General 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene PCR Primers for Classical and Next-Generation Sequencing-Based Diversity Studies.. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013;41:e1.
    doi: 10.1093/nar/gks808pmc: PMC3592464pubmed: 22933715google scholar: lookup
  54. Bolyen E., Rideout J.R., Dillon M.R., Bokulich N.A., Abnet C.C., Al-Ghalith G.A., Alexander H., Alm E.J., Arumugam M., Asnicar F.. Reproducible, Interactive, Scalable and Extensible Microbiome Data Science Using QIIME 2.. Nat. Biotechnol. 2019;37:852–857.
    pmc: PMC7015180pubmed: 31341288
  55. Callahan B.J., McMurdie P.J., Rosen M.J., Han A.W., Johnson A.J.A., Holmes S.P.. DADA2: High-Resolution Sample Inference from Illumina Amplicon Data.. Nat. Methods. 2016;13:581–583.
    doi: 10.1038/nmeth.3869pmc: PMC4927377pubmed: 27214047google scholar: lookup
  56. Katoh K., Standley D.M.. MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: Improvements in Performance and Usability.. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2013;30:772–780.
    doi: 10.1093/molbev/mst010pmc: PMC3603318pubmed: 23329690google scholar: lookup
  57. Price M.N., Dehal P.S., Arkin A.P.. FastTree 2—Approximately Maximum-Likelihood Trees for Large Alignments.. PLoS ONE 2010;5:e9490.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009490pmc: PMC2835736pubmed: 20224823google scholar: lookup
  58. Quast C., Pruesse E., Yilmaz P., Gerken J., Schweer T., Yarza P., Peplies J., Glöckner F.O.. The SILVA Ribosomal RNA Gene Database Project: Improved Data Processing and Web-Based Tools.. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013;41:D590–D596.
    doi: 10.1093/nar/gks1219pmc: PMC3531112pubmed: 23193283google scholar: lookup
  59. Werner J.J., Koren O., Hugenholtz P., Desantis T.Z., Walters W.A., Caporaso J.G., Angenent L.T., Knight R., Ley R.E.. Impact of Training Sets on Classification of High-Throughput Bacterial 16S RRNA Gene Surveys.. ISME J. 2012;6:94–103.
    pmc: PMC3217155pubmed: 21716311
  60. Cringoli G., Maurelli M.P., Levecke B., Bosco A., Vercruysse J., Utzinger J., Rinaldi L.. The Mini-FLOTAC Technique for the Diagnosis of Helminth and Protozoan Infections in Humans and Animals.. Nat. Protoc. 2017;12:1723–1732.
    doi: 10.1038/nprot.2017.067pubmed: 28771238google scholar: lookup
  61. Ayoub C., Arroyo L.G., MacNicol J.L., Renaud D., Weese J.S., Gomez D.E.. Fecal Microbiota of Horses with Colitis and Its Association with Laminitis and Survival during Hospitalization.. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2022;36:2213–2223.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16562pmc: PMC9708523pubmed: 36271677google scholar: lookup
  62. Thomson P., Garrido D., Santibáñez R., Lara F.. Preliminary Functional Analysis of the Gut Microbiome in Colic Horses.. Animals 2024;14:3222.
    doi: 10.3390/ani14223222pmc: PMC11590964pubmed: 39595275google scholar: lookup
  63. Shepherd M.L., Swecker W.S., Jensen R.V., Ponder M.A.. Characterization of the Fecal Bacteria Communities of Forage-Fed Horses by Pyrosequencing of 16S RRNA V4 Gene Amplicons.. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2012;326:62–68.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02434.xpubmed: 22092776google scholar: lookup
  64. Salem S.E., Maddox T.W., Berg A., Antczak P., Ketley J.M., Williams N.J., Archer D.C.. Variation in Faecal Microbiota in a Group of Horses Managed at Pasture over a 12-Month Period.. Sci. Rep. 2018;8:8510.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26930-3pmc: PMC5981443pubmed: 29855517google scholar: lookup
  65. McKinney C.A., Bedenice D., Pacheco A.P., Oliveira B.C.M., Paradis M.R., Mazan M., Widmer G.. Assessment of Clinical and Microbiota Responses to Fecal Microbial Transplantation in Adult Horses with Diarrhea.. PLoS ONE 2021;16:e0244381.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244381pmc: PMC7808643pubmed: 33444319google scholar: lookup
  66. Van den Berg M., Hoskin S.O., Rogers C.W., Grinberg A.. Fecal PH and Microbial Populations in Thoroughbred Horses During Transition from Pasture to Concentrate Feeding.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2013;33:215–222.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.06.004google scholar: lookup
  67. Morrison P.K., Newbold C.J., Jones E., Worgan H.J., Grove-White D.H., Dugdale A.H., Barfoot C., Harris P.A., Argo C.M.G.. The Equine Gastrointestinal Microbiome: Impacts of Age and Obesity.. Front. Microbiol. 2018;9:3017.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03017pmc: PMC6293011pubmed: 30581426google scholar: lookup
  68. Lara F., Castro R., Thomson P.. Changes in the Gut Microbiome and Colic in Horses: Are They Causes or Consequences?. Open Vet. J. 2022;12:242–249.
    doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2022.v12.i2.12pmc: PMC9109837pubmed: 35603065google scholar: lookup
  69. Mariat D., Firmesse O., Levenez F., Guimarǎes V.D., Sokol H., Doré J., Corthier G., Furet J.P.. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio of the Human Microbiota Changes with Age.. BMC Microbiol. 2009;9:123.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-123pmc: PMC2702274pubmed: 19508720google scholar: lookup
  70. Ayoub C., Arroyo L.G., Renaud D., Weese J.S., Gomez D.E.. Fecal Microbiota Comparison Between Healthy Teaching Horses and Client-Owned Horses.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2022;118:104105.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104105pubmed: 36058504google scholar: lookup
  71. Mach N., Lansade L., Bars-Cortina D., Dhorne-Pollet S., Foury A., Moisan M.P., Ruet A.. Gut Microbiota Resilience in Horse Athletes Following Holidays out to Pasture.. Sci. Rep. 2021;11:5007.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-84497-ypmc: PMC7930273pubmed: 33658551google scholar: lookup
  72. Lesimple C., Poissonnet A., Hausberger M.. How to Keep Your Horse Safe? An Epidemiological Study about Management Practices.. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2016;181:105–114.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2016.04.015google scholar: lookup
  73. Walshe N., Mulcahy G., Crispie F., Cabrera-Rubio R., Cotter P., Jahns H., Duggan V.. Outbreak of Acute Larval Cyathostominosis—A “Perfect Storm” of Inflammation and Dysbiosis.. Equine Vet. J. 2021;53:727–739.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13350pmc: PMC8246859pubmed: 32920897google scholar: lookup
  74. Peachey L.E., Jenkins T.P., Cantacessi C.. This Gut Ain’t Big Enough for Both of Us. Or Is It? Helminth–Microbiota Interactions in Veterinary Species.. Trends Parasitol. 2017;33:619–632.
    pubmed: 28506779
  75. Midha A., Schlosser J., Hartmann S.. Reciprocal Interactions between Nematodes and Their Microbial Environments.. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol. 2017;7:144.
    doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00144pmc: PMC5406411pubmed: 28497029google scholar: lookup
  76. Cortés A., Peachey L.E., Jenkins T.P., Scotti R., Cantacessi C.. Helminths and Microbes within the Vertebrate Gut—Not All Studies Are Created Equal.. Parasitology 2019;146:1371–1378.
    doi: 10.1017/S003118201900088Xpubmed: 31258097google scholar: lookup
  77. Daniels S.P., Leng J., Swann J.R., Proudman C.J.. Bugs and Drugs: A Systems Biology Approach to Characterising the Effect of Moxidectin on the Horse’s Faecal Microbiome.. Anim. Microbiome 2020;2:38.
    doi: 10.1186/s42523-020-00056-2pmc: PMC7807906pubmed: 33499996google scholar: lookup
  78. A Guide to the Treatment and Control of Equine Gastrointestinal Parasite Infections 8. ESCCAP; Worcestershire, UK: 2018.

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,970 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.