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Effects of a magnesium adhesive cement on bone stability and healing following a metatarsal osteotomy in horses.
Abstract: To compare biodegradable magnesium phosphate cement (Mg-cement), calcium phosphate cement (Ca-cement), and no cement on bone repair, biocompatibility, and bone adhesive characteristics in vivo in horses. Methods: 8 clinically normal adult horses. Methods: Triangular fragments (1-cm-long arms) were created by Y-shaped osteotomy of the second and fourth metatarsal bones (MTII and MTIV, respectively). Fragments were replaced in pairs to compare Mg-cement (MTII, n = 8; MTIV, 8) with Ca-cement (MTIV, 8) or with no cement (MTII, 8). Clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed for 7 weeks, at which time osteotomy sites were harvested for computed tomographic measurement of bone density and callus amount, 3-point mechanical testing, and histologic evaluation of healing pattern and biodegradation. Results: All horses tolerated the procedure without clinical problems. Radiographically, Mg-cement secured fragments significantly closer to parent bone, compared with Ca-cement or no treatment. Callus amount and bone remodeling and healing were significantly greater with Mg-cement, compared with Ca-cement or no cement. Biomechanical testing results and callus density among treatments were not significantly different. Significantly greater woven bone was observed adjacent to the Mg-cement without foreign body reaction, compared with Ca-cement or no cement. The Mg-cement was not fully degraded and was still adhered to the fragment. Conclusions: Both bone cements were biocompatible in horses, and Mg-cement may assist fracture repair by osteogenesis and fragment stabilization. Further studies are warranted on other applications and to define degradation characteristics.
Publication Date: 2007-04-03 PubMed ID: 17397291DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.4.370Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Comparative Study
- Journal Article
Summary
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The research article presents a comparison study of magnesium phosphate cement (Mg-cement), calcium phosphate cement (Ca-cement), and no cement in repairing horse bones, specifically the metatarsal bones.
Methodology
- The study was performed on eight healthy adult horses. A Y-shaped osteotomy was conducted on the horses’ second and fourth metatarsal bones. The fragments, as triangular as 1-cm-long arms, were then put back in place. This process allowed for a comparison between Mg-cement, Ca-cement, and no cement.
- The treated metatarsal bones underwent clinical and radiographic evaluations for seven weeks. After this period, the osteotomy sites were collected for further analysis through computed tomographic measurement, mechanical testing and histologic (tissue study) evaluation.
Findings
- All horses tolerated the procedure without encountering any clinical problems.
- Results showed that the Mg-cement secured bone fragments closer to the parent bone than the Ca-cement and no cement did.
- The bone healing and remodeling process, as well as the amount of callus formed, was significantly greater with Mg-cement treatment. However, there was no significant difference in biomechanical testing results and callus density across the treatments.
- The presence of woven bone (newly formed bone) was significantly greater near the Mg-cement and no foreign body reaction was observed, which was not the case with Ca-cement or no cement treatments.
- Despite the beneficial impacts of Mg-cement, it was found that it did not completely degrade and still remained attached to the bone fragment.
Conclusions
- The study found both Mg-cement and Ca-cement to be biocompatible in horses, i.e., they did not cause any negative reactions.
- Mg-cement proved to be more beneficial due to its osteogenesis (new bone formation) and bone fragment stabilizing properties, which assisted in the fracture healing process.
- Given the findings, the researchers suggested further research to explore other potential applications of Mg-cement and fully understand its degradation characteristics.
Cite This Article
APA
Waselau M, Samii VF, Weisbrode SE, Litsky AS, Bertone AL.
(2007).
Effects of a magnesium adhesive cement on bone stability and healing following a metatarsal osteotomy in horses.
Am J Vet Res, 68(4), 370-378.
https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.68.4.370 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Bone Cements / therapeutic use
- Calcium Phosphates / therapeutic use
- Horses / surgery
- Magnesium Compounds / therapeutic use
- Materials Testing / veterinary
- Metatarsal Bones / diagnostic imaging
- Metatarsal Bones / surgery
- Osteotomy / methods
- Osteotomy / veterinary
- Phosphates / therapeutic use
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed / veterinary
- Treatment Outcome
- Wound Healing / drug effects
Citations
This article has been cited 11 times.- Bingol HB, Bender JCME, Opsteen JA, Leeuwenburgh SCG. Bone adhesive materials: From bench to bedside. Mater Today Bio 2023 Apr;19:100599.
- Florea DA, Grumezescu V, Bîrcă AC, Vasile BȘ, Iosif A, Chircov C, Stan MS, Grumezescu AM, Andronescu E, Chifiriuc MC. Bioactive Hydroxyapatite-Magnesium Phosphate Coatings Deposited by MAPLE for Preventing Infection and Promoting Orthopedic Implants Osteointegration. Materials (Basel) 2022 Oct 20;15(20).
- Han Z, Wang B, Ren B, Liu Y, Zhang N, Wang Z, Liu J, Mao K. Characterization and Biomechanical Study of a Novel Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cement. Life (Basel) 2022 Jul 5;12(7).
- Roller BL, Stoker AM, Cook JL. Elution properties of a resorbable magnesium phosphate cement. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2020 Oct;11(Suppl 5):S729-S734.
- Brückner T, Meininger M, Groll J, Kübler AC, Gbureck U. Magnesium Phosphate Cement as Mineral Bone Adhesive. Materials (Basel) 2019 Nov 21;12(23).
- Ewald A, Kreczy D, Brückner T, Gbureck U, Bengel M, Hoess A, Nies B, Bator J, Klammert U, Fuchs A. Development and Bone Regeneration Capacity of Premixed Magnesium Phosphate Cement Pastes. Materials (Basel) 2019 Jul 1;12(13).
- Liu C, Ren Z, Xu Y, Pang S, Zhao X, Zhao Y. Biodegradable Magnesium Alloys Developed as Bone Repair Materials: A Review. Scanning 2018;2018:9216314.
- Hsu SL, Liang R, Woo SL. Functional tissue engineering of ligament healing. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol 2010 May 21;2:12.
- Kuang GM, Yau WP, Lu WW, Chiu KY. Osteointegration of soft tissue grafts within the bone tunnels in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction can be enhanced. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2010 Aug;18(8):1038-51.
- Thomopoulos S, Zampiakis E, Das R, Kim HM, Silva MJ, Havlioglu N, Gelberman RH. Use of a magnesium-based bone adhesive for flexor tendon-to-bone healing. J Hand Surg Am 2009 Jul-Aug;34(6):1066-73.
- Loh JY, Ling ZM, Jiang L, Goh QY, Lim YG. Hypermagnesemia- and Hyperphosphatemia-Associated Cardiac Arrest after Injection of a Novel Magnesium-Based Bone Cement in Spinal Surgery. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev 2025 Jan 1;9(1).
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