Effects of butorphanol, flunixin, levorphanol, morphine, and xylazine in ponies.
Abstract: The analgesic and behavioral effects of butorphanol (0.22 mg/kg), flunixin (2.2 mg/kg), levorphanol (0.033 mg/kg), morphine (0.66 mg/kg), and xylazine (2.2 mg/kg), given IM were observed in 8 ponies. These ponies were instrumented to measure response objectively to painful superficial and visceral stimuli. Effects on the cardiopulmonary system and rectal temperature also were evaluated in 6 of these ponies. Observations were conducted before drug injection (base-line values) and after injection at 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes. Xylazine provided the highest pain threshold for the first 60 minutes and a sedative effect for 105 minutes. The effects for superficial pain and visceral pain persisted 3 hours and 4 hours, respectively. Morphine produced good analgesia for superficial pain (30 minutes), whereas butorphanol provided good effect for visceral pain (4 hours). A slight degree of analgesia for visceral pain was obtained after morphine (1 hour) and levorphanol (4 hours); flunixin did not induce analgesia. Butorphanol, levorphanol, and morphine stimulated motor activity. Behavioral effects did not occur after flunixin was given. Xylazine decreased systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures. Marked increases in these pressures, heart rate, and respiratory rate were observed after morphine was given. Changes of central venous pressure, rectal temperature, and blood gas values remained within base-line limits after both drugs were given. Butorphanol increased heart rates for 1 hour; flunixin and levorphanol did not alter any of the above values.
Publication Date: 1984-02-01 PubMed ID: 6711945
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- Comparative Study
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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The research article is about a study on the different effects of butorphanol, flunixin, levorphanol, morphine, and xylazine analgesic injections on ponies, including their impact on pain thresholds, behavioral reactions, and cardiovascular and pulmonary systems.
Context and Objective
- The study focuses on observing the analgesic and behavioral effects of five different drugs: butorphanol, flunixin, levorphanol, morphine, and xylazine when administered to ponies.
- The aim is to measure the ponies’ objective response to painful superficial and visceral stimuli after the administration of these drugs, and evaluate the effects they have on the cardiopulmonary system and rectal temperature of the ponies.
Methodology
- The study was conducted on eight ponies, which were given injections of the five drugs and their responses were measured.
- Observations on the ponies’ reactions were conducted before drug injection to create baseline values, and then again after the injection at intervals of 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes.
Findings
- Xylazine was found to provide the highest pain threshold for the first 60 minutes after injection, as well as sedative effects lasting 105 minutes. Its effect on superficial and visceral pain persisted for 3 and 4 hours, respectively.
- Morphine produced significant analgesia for superficial pain for the first 30 minutes, while butorphanol showed a substantial effect for visceral pain lasting 4 hours.
- Levorphanol and morphine provided a slight degree of analgesia for visceral pain that lasted for an hour and 4 hours respectively, whereas flunixin did not induce any analgesia.
- Certain drugs induced behavioral effects such as motor activity stimulation, but flunixin did not elicit any behavioral effects.
- Xylazine was observed to decrease systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures. Morphine, on the other hand, significantly increased these pressures along with the heart and respiratory rates, while butorphanol increased heart rates for an hour. Levorphanol and Flunixin did not alter these values.
Conclusions
- This research provides valuable insights into the effects of different drugs on pain management in ponies. Understanding these effects can help in choosing the right drugs for managing pain in ponies and predicting possible side effects like changes in behavior or cardiovascular effects.
Cite This Article
APA
Kalpravidh M, Lumb WV, Wright M, Heath RB.
(1984).
Effects of butorphanol, flunixin, levorphanol, morphine, and xylazine in ponies.
Am J Vet Res, 45(2), 217-223.
Publication
Researcher Affiliations
MeSH Terms
- Analgesia / veterinary
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal / drug effects
- Butorphanol / pharmacology
- Clonixin / analogs & derivatives
- Clonixin / pharmacology
- Dogs
- Female
- Hemodynamics / drug effects
- Horses
- Levorphanol / pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Morphinans / pharmacology
- Morphine / pharmacology
- Motor Activity / drug effects
- Nicotinic Acids / pharmacology
- Nociceptors / drug effects
- Rats
- Respiration / drug effects
- Thiazines / pharmacology
- Xylazine / pharmacology
Citations
This article has been cited 9 times.- Hoeberg E, Haga HA, Lervik A. Cardiovascular effects of intravenous morphine in anesthetized horse.. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:1007345.
- Nannarone S, Giannettoni G, Laurenza C, Giontella A, Moretti G. Methadone or Butorphanol as Pre-Anaesthetic Agents Combined with Romifidine in Horses Undergoing Elective Surgery: Qualitative Assessment of Sedation and Induction.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Aug 31;11(9).
- Straticò P, Carluccio A, Varasano V, Guerri G, Suriano R, Robbe D, Cerasoli I, Petrizzi L. Analgesic Effect of Butorphanol during Castration in Donkeys under Total Intravenous Anaesthesia.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Aug 9;11(8).
- Troya-Portillo L, López-Sanromán J, Villalba-Orero M, Santiago-Llorente I. Cardiorespiratory, Sedative and Antinociceptive Effects of a Medetomidine Constant Rate Infusion with Morphine, Ketamine or Both.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jul 13;11(7).
- Cruz FS, Carregaro AB, Machado M, Antonow RR. Sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of buprenorphine and xylazine in horses.. Can J Vet Res 2011 Jan;75(1):35-41.
- Csik-Salmon J, Blais D, Vaillancourt D, Garon O, Bisaillon A. [Use of a mix of lidocaine and butorphanol as a caudal epidural anesthesia in a mare].. Can J Vet Res 1996 Oct;60(4):288-95.
- Boatwright CE, Fubini SL, Grohn YT, Goossens L. A comparison of N-butylscopolammonium bromide and butorphanol tartrate for analgesia using a balloon model of abdominal pain in ponies.. Can J Vet Res 1996 Jan;60(1):65-8.
- Short CE, Stauffer JL, Goldberg G, Vainio O. The use of atropine to control heart rate responses during detomidine sedation in horses.. Acta Vet Scand 1986;27(4):548-59.
- Jacobs RM, Murtaugh RJ, Sherding RG, O'Dorisio TM. Effects of xylazine administration on serum amylase, pancreas-specific isoamylase and pancreatic polypeptide in normal dogs.. Can J Vet Res 1986 Jan;50(1):123-5.
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