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Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2026; 16(5); 844; doi: 10.3390/ani16050844

Effects of Dietary Non-Fibrous Carbohydrate to Neutral Detergent Fiber Ratio on Apparent Digestibility, Fecal Microbiota, and Plasma Metabolomics in Yili Horses.

Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary NFC/NDF ratio on nutrient apparent digestibility, fecal fermentation parameters, microbial diversity, and plasma metabolomics in Yili horses. Twenty-four healthy Yili horses with similar body weights (406 ± 22.73 kg) were divided into four groups, each with six replicates: the Control Group (CG), Low-NFC Group (LG), Medium-NFC Group (MG), and High-NFC Group (HG). The experiment lasted 52 d, comprising a 7-day adaptation period and a 45-day experimental period. Total fecal collection was conducted from days 41 to 45 to calculate nutrient apparent digestibility. On the final day, rectal fecal samples and blood samples were collected for full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing and plasma metabolomics analysis. The results revealed the following findings: (1) The apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) in the MG and HG groups was significantly higher than in the CG ( < 0.01), and significantly higher in the LG group compared to the CG ( < 0.05). (2) Significant differences were observed in fecal pH, propionate concentration, and the acetate-to-propionate ratio between the CG and the experimental groups ( < 0.05). (3) At the phylum level, Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Verrucomicrobiota were dominant in the fecal microbiota of all groups. PICRUSt2 prediction indicated that the MG and HG groups primarily enhanced energy conversion efficiency through amino acid metabolism and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis metabolic pathways. (4) A total of 204 differential metabolites were identified between the CG and MG groups, with 98 upregulated and 106 downregulated in the MG group compared to the CG. These metabolites were mainly enriched in pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, fructose and mannose metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways. In summary, appropriately increasing NFC/NDF content influences the gut microbiota composition and energy metabolism of Yili horses, thereby effectively improving their digestion and absorption of dietary nutrients.
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Publication Date: 2026-03-07 PubMed ID: 41829052PubMed Central: PMC12984669DOI: 10.3390/ani16050844Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study examined how the ratio of dietary non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) to neutral detergent fiber (NDF) affects nutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota composition, and blood metabolite profiles in Yili horses.
  • The goal was to determine if altering this ratio improves nutrient absorption and influences gut microbial and metabolic functions in these horses.

Experimental Design

  • Subjects: 24 healthy Yili horses, similar body weight (~406 kg).
  • Groups: Divided into four groups – Control (CG), Low-NFC (LG), Medium-NFC (MG), and High-NFC (HG), 6 horses per group.
  • Duration: 52 days total (7 days adaptation, 45 days experimental feeding).
  • Data collection: Total fecal samples collected from days 41 to 45 to assess nutrient digestibility; on the last day, rectal fecal and blood samples for microbiota sequencing and plasma metabolomics.

Key Findings

  • Nutrient Apparent Digestibility:
    • Crude Protein (CP) digestibility significantly increased in MG and HG compared to CG (p < 0.01).
    • LG also showed higher CP digestibility than CG but at a lower significance level (p < 0.05).
  • Fecal Fermentation Parameters:
    • Significant changes in fecal pH among groups.
    • Propionate concentration varied significantly between control and experimental groups, indicating shifts in fermentation end products.
    • The ratio of acetate to propionate was significantly different, reflecting alterations in microbial fermentation patterns.
  • Fecal Microbiota Composition:
    • Dominant phyla across all groups were Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Verrucomicrobiota, common in herbivore gut microbiomes.
    • Microbial functional prediction (PICRUSt2) showed that MG and HG enhanced metabolic pathways related to amino acid metabolism and pantothenate (vitamin B5) and Coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis.
    • These metabolic pathways are important for energy conversion efficiency.
  • Plasma Metabolomics:
    • 204 metabolites differed significantly between CG and MG groups; 98 metabolites were upregulated, 106 downregulated in MG.
    • The altered metabolites were enriched in pathways including pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, fructose and mannose metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, and starch and sucrose metabolism.
    • These findings indicate changes in energy and carbohydrate metabolism due to NFC/NDF ratio variation.

Conclusions and Implications

  • Increasing the NFC/NDF ratio in the diet of Yili horses positively affects nutrient digestion, especially protein digestibility.
  • The dietary changes modulate fecal microbial communities and their metabolic functions, favoring pathways that improve energy conversion.
  • Plasma metabolomic profiles reflect enhanced carbohydrate and energy metabolism processes.
  • Overall, appropriately adjusting dietary NFC relative to fiber enhances digestive efficiency and energy metabolism, which may improve the health and performance of Yili horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Li M, Xu Z, Sun L, Cheng Z, Yu Y, Chen Y, Li F, Zang C. (2026). Effects of Dietary Non-Fibrous Carbohydrate to Neutral Detergent Fiber Ratio on Apparent Digestibility, Fecal Microbiota, and Plasma Metabolomics in Yili Horses. Animals (Basel), 16(5), 844. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16050844

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 16
Issue: 5
PII: 844

Researcher Affiliations

Li, Mengfei
  • Xinjiang Herbivore Nutrition Laboratory for Meat & Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.
Xu, Zihao
  • Xinjiang Herbivore Nutrition Laboratory for Meat & Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.
Sun, Long
  • Xinjiang Herbivore Nutrition Laboratory for Meat & Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.
Cheng, Zhiqiang
  • Xinjiang Herbivore Nutrition Laboratory for Meat & Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.
Yu, Yingying
  • Xinjiang Herbivore Nutrition Laboratory for Meat & Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.
Chen, Yong
  • Xinjiang Herbivore Nutrition Laboratory for Meat & Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.
Li, Fengming
  • Xinjiang Herbivore Nutrition Laboratory for Meat & Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.
Zang, Changjiang
  • Xinjiang Herbivore Nutrition Laboratory for Meat & Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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