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Effects of hydrochloric, acetic, butyric, and propionic acids on pathogenesis of ulcers in the nonglandular portion of the stomach of horses.
Abstract: To identify the pathogenesis of gastric ulcers by comparing injury to the nonglandular gastric mucosa of horses caused by hydrochloric acid (HCl) or volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Methods: Gastric tissues from 30 horses. Methods: Nonglandular gastric mucosa was studied by use of Ussing chambers. Short-circuit current (Isc) and potential difference were measured and electrical resistance calculated for tissues after addition of HCl and VFAs to normal Ringer's solution (NRS). Tissues were examined histologically. Results: Mucosa exposed to HCl in NRS (pH, 1.5) had a significant decrease in Isc, compared with Isc for mucosa exposed to NRS at pH 4.0 or 7.0. Also, exposure to 60mM acetic, propionic, and butyric acids (pH, 4.0 or 1.5) caused an immediate significant decrease in Isc. Recovery of sodium transport was detected only in samples exposed to acetic acid at pH 4.0. Recovery of sodium transport was not seen in other mucosal samples exposed to VFAs at pH < or = 4.0. Conclusions: Acetic, butyric, and propionic acids and, to a lesser extent, HCl caused decreases in mucosal barrier function of the nonglandular portion of the equine stomach. Because of their lipid solubility at pH < or = 4.0, undissociated VFAs penetrate cells in the nonglandular gastric mucosa, which causes acidification of cellular contents, inhibition of sodium transport, and cellular swelling. Results indicate that HCl alone or in combination with VFAs at gastric pH < or = 4.0 may be important in the pathogenesis of gastric ulcers in the nonglandular portion of the stomach of horses.
Publication Date: 2003-04-16 PubMed ID: 12693528DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.404Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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This research investigates the causes of gastric ulcers in horses by comparing damage to the stomach lining caused by hydrochloric acid and volatile fatty acids. The study discusses how these acids affect the function of the stomach lining, suggesting their role in ulcer development.
Methodology
- The researchers examined the gastric tissues from 30 horses, specifically the nonglandular gastric mucosa. This is the part of the stomach lining that does not produce acid.
- A laboratory apparatus called an Ussing chamber was used to test the effect of hydrochloric acid and volatile fatty acids (acetic, propionic, and butyric acids) on these tissues.
- Measurement metrics included short-circuit current (Isc), potential difference, and calculated electrical resistance. These were assessed after adding the acids to normal Ringer’s solution (NRS), a solution used to mimic the body’s natural fluids.
- Finally, tissues were examined under a microscope for a detailed view of any changes.
Results
- The study revealed that exposure to hydrochloric acid resulted in a significant decrease in Isc, as compared with tissue samples exposed to NRS at pH 4.0 or 7.0.
- Adding acetic, propionic, and butyric acids (at lower pH levels of 4.0 or 1.5) also caused an immediate significant decrease in Isc.
- Furthermore, a recovery of sodium transport, an indicator of tissue health, was only observed in samples exposed to acetic acid at pH 4.0. Other samples exposed to volatile fatty acids did not show this recovery.
Conclusions
- The results suggest that both hydrochloric acid and the volatile fatty acids can damage the protective function of the non-glandular region of the horse’s stomach, leading to potential ulcer development.
- The researchers conclude that the acids’ impact was due to the fact they can penetrate cells in the stomach lining when in an undissociated form, resulting in cell acidification, hindrance of sodium transport, and cellular swelling.
- Additionally, the study proposes that hydrochloric acid, alone or in combination with volatile fatty acids, under acidic pH may play a pivotal role in the development of gastric ulcers in horses.
Cite This Article
APA
Nadeau JA, Andrews FM, Patton CS, Argenzio RA, Mathew AG, Saxton AM.
(2003).
Effects of hydrochloric, acetic, butyric, and propionic acids on pathogenesis of ulcers in the nonglandular portion of the stomach of horses.
Am J Vet Res, 64(4), 404-412.
https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.404 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
MeSH Terms
- Acetic Acid / adverse effects
- Animals
- Butyric Acid / adverse effects
- Culture Techniques
- Fatty Acids, Volatile / adverse effects
- Female
- Gastric Mucosa / drug effects
- Gastric Mucosa / pathology
- Horse Diseases / chemically induced
- Horse Diseases / etiology
- Horse Diseases / pathology
- Horses
- Hydrochloric Acid / adverse effects
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Male
- Membrane Potentials / drug effects
- Propionates / adverse effects
- Stomach / drug effects
- Stomach / pathology
- Stomach Ulcer / chemically induced
- Stomach Ulcer / etiology
- Stomach Ulcer / pathology
- Stomach Ulcer / veterinary
- Time Factors
Citations
This article has been cited 11 times.- Rezazadeh F, Pourebrahimi N, Ghotaslou R, Nasab MG, Memar MY. Frequency of endoscopic findings of equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD) in rural horses and its association with Helicobacter pylori virulence genes. Vet Med (Praha) 2022 Feb;67(2):61-69.
- Julliand S, Buttet M, Hermange T, Hillon P, Julliand V. Effect of diet composition on glandular gastric disease in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2023 Jul-Aug;37(4):1528-1536.
- Ermers C, McGilchrist N, Fenner K, Wilson B, McGreevy P. The Fibre Requirements of Horses and the Consequences and Causes of Failure to Meet Them. Animals (Basel) 2023 Apr 20;13(8).
- Hewetson M, Tallon R. Equine Squamous Gastric Disease: Prevalence, Impact and Management. Vet Med (Auckl) 2021;12:381-399.
- Paul LJ, Ericsson AC, Andrews FM, Keowen ML, Morales Yniguez F, Garza F Jr, Banse HE. Gastric microbiome in horses with and without equine glandular gastric disease. J Vet Intern Med 2021 Sep;35(5):2458-2464.
- Padalino B, Davis GL, Raidal SL. Effects of transportation on gastric pH and gastric ulceration in mares. J Vet Intern Med 2020 Mar;34(2):922-932.
- Glatter M, Borewicz K, van den Bogert B, Wensch-Dorendorf M, Bochnia M, Greef JM, Bachmann M, Smidt H, Breves G, Zeyner A. Modification of the equine gastrointestinal microbiota by Jerusalem artichoke meal supplementation. PLoS One 2019;14(8):e0220553.
- Woodward MC, Huff NK, Garza F Jr, Keowen ML, Kearney MT, Andrews FM. Effect of pectin, lecithin, and antacid feed supplements (Egusin®) on gastric ulcer scores, gastric fluid pH and blood gas values in horses. BMC Vet Res 2014;10 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S4.
- Birkmann K, Junge HK, Maischberger E, Wehrli Eser M, Schwarzwald CC. Efficacy of omeprazole powder paste or enteric-coated formulation in healing of gastric ulcers in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2014 May-Jun;28(3):925-33.
- Perkins GA, den Bakker HC, Burton AJ, Erb HN, McDonough SP, McDonough PL, Parker J, Rosenthal RL, Wiedmann M, Dowd SE, Simpson KW. Equine stomachs harbor an abundant and diverse mucosal microbiota. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012 Apr;78(8):2522-32.
- Peycke LE, Hosgood G, Davidson JR, Tetens J, Taylor HW. The effect of experimental gastric dilatation-volvulus on adenosine triphosphate content and conductance of the canine gastric and jejunal mucosa. Can J Vet Res 2005 Jul;69(3):170-9.
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