FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / PLoS One / Effects of intravenous magnesium sulfate on serum calcium-re...
PloS one2021; 16(6); e0247542; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247542

Effects of intravenous magnesium sulfate on serum calcium-regulating hormones and plasma and urinary electrolytes in healthy horses.

Abstract: Intravenous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) is used in equine practice to treat hypomagnesemia, dysrhythmias, neurological disorders, and calcium dysregulation. MgSO4 is also used as a calming agent in equestrian events. Hypercalcemia affects calcium-regulating hormones, as well as plasma and urinary electrolytes; however, the effect of hypermagnesemia on these variables is unknown. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of hypermagnesemia on blood parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin (CT), ionized calcium (Ca2+), ionized magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-) and their urinary fractional excretion (F) after intravenous administration of MgSO4 in healthy horses. Twelve healthy female horses of 4-18 years of age and 432-600 kg of body weight received a single intravenous dose of MgSO4 (60 mg/kg) over 5 minutes, and blood and urine samples were collected at different time points over 360 minutes. Plasma Mg2+ concentrations increased 3.7-fold over baseline values at 5 minutes and remained elevated for 120 minutes (P < 0.05), Ca2+ concentrations decreased from 30-60 minutes (P < 0.05), but Na+, K+ and Cl- concentrations did not change. Serum PTH concentrations dropped initially to rebound and remain elevated from 30 to 60 minutes, while CT concentrations increased at 5 minutes to return to baseline by 10 minutes (P < 0.05). The FMg, FCa, FNa, FK, and FCl increased, while urine osmolality decreased from 30-60 minutes compared baseline (P < 0.05). Short-term experimental hypermagnesemia alters calcium-regulating hormones (PTH, CT), reduces plasma Ca2+ concentrations, and increases the urinary excretion of Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, Na+ and Cl- in healthy horses. This information has clinical implications for the short-term effects of hypermagnesemia on calcium-regulation, electrolytes, and neuromuscular activity, in particular with increasing use of Mg salts to treat horses with various acute and chronic conditions as well as a calming agent in equestrian events.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-06-28 PubMed ID: 34181644PubMed Central: PMC8238178DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247542Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research investigates the effects of an increased magnesium level, or hypermagnesemia, in horses. It observes how it influences calcium-regulating hormones and various electrolytes in the blood and urine, vital information for properly using magnesium salts to treat several equine conditions.

Study Overview

  • This study was led with the aim to understand the impact of hypermagnesemia, particularly on blood parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin (CT), ionized calcium (Ca2+), ionized magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl-) and their urinary fractional excretion after intravenous administration of Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) in healthy horses.
  • Twelve healthy female horses, aged between 4 to 18 years and weighing between 432-600 kg, were chosen for this experiment.
  • Each horse was given a single intravenous dosage of MgSO4, and samples of their blood and urine were collected over a period of 360 minutes.

Findings

  • Significant rise in plasma Mg2+ concentrations were observed immediately after the MgSO4 dosage and remained high for around 120 minutes.
  • Plasma Ca2+ concentrations decreased, but the levels of Na+, K+ and Cl- remained constant.
  • The release of PTH hormone initially dropped but later rebounded and remained elevated.
  • The level of CT hormone, on the contrary, increased instantly after administering MgSO4, but swiftly returned to the baseline level.
  • An increase was noted in the urinary excretion of Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, Na+ and Cl- while the urine osmolality decreased.

Implications of the Findings

  • The study clearly shows how short-term hypermagnesemia affects calcium-regulating hormones (PTH and CT), reduces plasma Ca2+ concentrations, and modifies the urinary excretion of various electrolytes (Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, Na+ and Cl-).
  • These findings are important for understanding the short-term effects of hypermagnesemia on calcium regulations, electrolyte balance, and neuromuscular activity in horses.
  • This research could be pivotal in informing the use of magnesium salts for treating various acute and chronic conditions, including in their use as a calming agent in equestrian events.

Cite This Article

APA
Schumacher SA, Kamr AM, Lakritz J, Burns TA, Bertone AL, Toribio RE. (2021). Effects of intravenous magnesium sulfate on serum calcium-regulating hormones and plasma and urinary electrolytes in healthy horses. PLoS One, 16(6), e0247542. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247542

Publication

PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
NlmUniqueID: 101285081
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 16
Issue: 6
Pages: e0247542
PII: e0247542

Researcher Affiliations

Schumacher, Stephen A
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America.
  • United States Equestrian Federation, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America.
Kamr, Ahmed M
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America.
  • Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt.
Lakritz, Jeffrey
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America.
Burns, Teresa A
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America.
Bertone, Alicia L
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America.
Toribio, Ramiro E
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America.

MeSH Terms

  • Administration, Intravenous / methods
  • Animals
  • Calcitonin / blood
  • Calcitonin / urine
  • Calcium / blood
  • Calcium / metabolism
  • Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents / metabolism
  • Chlorides / blood
  • Chlorides / urine
  • Electrolytes / blood
  • Electrolytes / metabolism
  • Electrolytes / urine
  • Female
  • Horse Diseases / blood
  • Horses / metabolism
  • Magnesium / blood
  • Magnesium / metabolism
  • Magnesium Sulfate / administration & dosage
  • Magnesium Sulfate / pharmacology
  • Parathyroid Hormone / blood
  • Parathyroid Hormone / urine
  • Potassium / blood
  • Potassium / urine
  • Sodium / blood
  • Sodium / urine

Conflict of Interest Statement

Dr. Stephen Schumacher is employed by the sponsor of the project (USEF). However, this affiliation does not alter our adherence to all PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

References

This article includes 38 references
  1. Toribio RE. Magnesium and Disease. In: Reed SM, Bayly WM, Sellon DC, editors. Equine Internal Medicine. Fourth edition. ed. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier; 2018. p. 1052–8.
  2. Schumacher SA, Toribio RE, Lakritz J, Bertone AL. Radio-Telemetric Assessment of Cardiac Variables and Locomotion With Experimentally Induced Hypermagnesemia in Horses Using Chronically Implanted Catheters.. Front Vet Sci 2019;6:414.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00414pmc: PMC6881382pubmed: 31850378google scholar: lookup
  3. Schumacher SA, Toribio RE, Scansen B, Lakritz J, Bertone AL. Pharmacokinetics of magnesium and its effects on clinical variables following experimentally induced hypermagnesemia.. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020 Nov;43(6):577-590.
    doi: 10.1111/jvp.12883pubmed: 32525571google scholar: lookup
  4. Toribio RE, Kohn CW, Rourke KM, Levine AL, Rosol TJ. Effects of hypercalcemia on serum concentrations of magnesium, potassium, and phosphate and urinary excretion of electrolytes in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2007 May;68(5):543-54.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.68.5.543pubmed: 17472456google scholar: lookup
  5. Swaminathan R. Magnesium metabolism and its disorders.. Clin Biochem Rev 2003 May;24(2):47-66.
    pmc: PMC1855626pubmed: 18568054
  6. Quamme GA. Effect of calcitonin on calcium and magnesium transport in rat nephron.. Am J Physiol 1980 Jun;238(6):E573-8.
    doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1980.238.6.E573pubmed: 7386624google scholar: lookup
  7. Davey RA, Findlay DM. Calcitonin: physiology or fantasy?. J Bone Miner Res 2013 May;28(5):973-9.
    doi: 10.1002/jbmr.1869pubmed: 23519892google scholar: lookup
  8. Mundy GR, Guise TA. Hormonal control of calcium homeostasis.. Clin Chem 1999 Aug;45(8 Pt 2):1347-52.
    pubmed: 10430817
  9. Toribio RE. Disorders of Calcium and Phosphorus. In: Reed SM, Bayly WM, Sellon DC, editors. Equine Internal Medicine. Fourth edition. ed. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier; 2018. p. 1029–52.
  10. Favus MJ, Bushinsky DA, Jr JL. Regulation of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate Metabolism. 2006:76–117.
  11. Felsenfeld AJ, Levine BS. Calcitonin, the forgotten hormone: does it deserve to be forgotten?. Clin Kidney J 2015 Apr;8(2):180-7.
    doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfv011pmc: PMC4370311pubmed: 25815174google scholar: lookup
  12. Suzuki K, Kono N, Onishi T, Tarui S. The effect of hypermagnesaemia on serum immunoreactive calcitonin levels in normal human subjects.. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1987 Oct;116(2):282-6.
    doi: 10.1530/acta.0.1160282pubmed: 3661065google scholar: lookup
  13. Conigrave AD. The Calcium-Sensing Receptor and the Parathyroid: Past, Present, Future.. Front Physiol 2016;7:563.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00563pmc: PMC5156698pubmed: 28018229google scholar: lookup
  14. Toribio RE, Kohn CW, Capen CC, Rosol TJ. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion, PTH mRNA and calcium-sensing receptor mRNA expression in equine parathyroid cells, and effects of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha on equine parathyroid cell function.. J Mol Endocrinol 2003 Dec;31(3):609-20.
    doi: 10.1677/jme.0.0310609pubmed: 14664720google scholar: lookup
  15. Riccardi D, Kemp PJ. The calcium-sensing receptor beyond extracellular calcium homeostasis: conception, development, adult physiology, and disease.. Annu Rev Physiol 2012;74:271-97.
    doi: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-020911-153318pubmed: 22017175google scholar: lookup
  16. Chang W, Shoback D. Extracellular Ca2+-sensing receptors--an overview.. Cell Calcium 2004 Mar;35(3):183-96.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ceca.2003.10.012pubmed: 15200142google scholar: lookup
  17. Kamr AM, Dembek KA, Reed SM, Slovis NM, Zaghawa AA, Rosol TJ, Toribio RE. Vitamin D Metabolites and Their Association with Calcium, Phosphorus, and PTH Concentrations, Severity of Illness, and Mortality in Hospitalized Equine Neonates.. PLoS One 2015;10(6):e0127684.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127684pmc: PMC4457534pubmed: 26046642google scholar: lookup
  18. Hudali T, Takkar C. Hypocalcemia and hyperkalemia during magnesium infusion therapy in a pre-eclamptic patient.. Clin Case Rep 2015 Oct;3(10):827-31.
    doi: 10.1002/ccr3.356pmc: PMC4614650pubmed: 26509017google scholar: lookup
  19. Sheldon SA, Aleman M, Costa LRR, Santoyo AC, Howey Q, Madigan JE. Intravenous infusion of magnesium sulfate and its effect on horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking.. J Vet Intern Med 2019 Mar;33(2):923-932.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15410pmc: PMC6430935pubmed: 30666732google scholar: lookup
  20. Schumacher SA, Yardley J, Bertone AL. Ionized magnesium and calcium concentration and their ratio in equine plasma samples as determined by a regulatory laboratory compared to a clinical reference laboratory.. Drug Test Anal 2019 Mar;11(3):455-460.
    doi: 10.1002/dta.2509pubmed: 30253069google scholar: lookup
  21. Shin HJ, Na HS, Do SH. Magnesium and Pain.. Nutrients 2020 Jul 23;12(8).
    doi: 10.3390/nለ2184pmc: PMC7468697pubmed: 32718032google scholar: lookup
  22. Shimosawa T, Takano K, Ando K, Fujita T. Magnesium inhibits norepinephrine release by blocking N-type calcium channels at peripheral sympathetic nerve endings.. Hypertension 2004 Dec;44(6):897-902.
    doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000146536.68208.84pubmed: 15477382google scholar: lookup
  23. Cholst IN, Steinberg SF, Tropper PJ, Fox HE, Segre GV, Bilezikian JP. The influence of hypermagnesemia on serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels in human subjects.. N Engl J Med 1984 May 10;310(19):1221-5.
    doi: 10.1056/NEJM198405103101904pubmed: 6709029google scholar: lookup
  24. Güssow A, Schulz N, Bauer N, Moritz A. [Hypermagnesemia of ionized magnesium in 199 dogs - A hospital population-based study on prevalence, etiology and prognosis with special emphasis on kidney disease and the measurement of total magnesium].. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2018 Dec;46(6):370-379.
    doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1677389pubmed: 30658363google scholar: lookup
  25. Koontz SL, Friedman SA, Schwartz ML. Symptomatic hypocalcemia after tocolytic therapy with magnesium sulfate and nifedipine.. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004 Jun;190(6):1773-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.02.050pubmed: 15284796google scholar: lookup
  26. Mayan H, Hourvitz A, Schiff E, Farfel Z. Symptomatic hypocalcaemia in hypermagnesaemia-induced hypoparathyroidism, during magnesium tocolytic therapy--possible involvement of the calcium-sensing receptor.. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999 Jul;14(7):1764-6.
    doi: 10.1093/ndt/14.7.1764pubmed: 10435892google scholar: lookup
  27. Suzuki K, Nonaka K, Kono N, Ichihara K, Fukumoto Y, Inui Y, Miyagawa J, Onishi T, Hayashi C, Tarui S. Effects of the intravenous administration of magnesium sulfate on corrected serum calcium level and nephrogenous cyclic AMP excretion in normal human subjects.. Calcif Tissue Int 1986 Nov;39(5):304-9.
    doi: 10.1007/BF02555195pubmed: 3028586google scholar: lookup
  28. Elliott JP. Magnesium sulfate as a tocolytic agent.. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983 Oct 1;147(3):277-84.
    doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(83)91111-0pubmed: 6624792google scholar: lookup
  29. Kumar R, Thompson JR. The regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion and synthesis.. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011 Feb;22(2):216-24.
    doi: 10.1681/ASN.2010020186pmc: PMC5546216pubmed: 21164021google scholar: lookup
  30. Toribio RE. Disorders of calcium and phosphate metabolism in horses.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2011 Apr;27(1):129-47.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2010.12.010pubmed: 21392658google scholar: lookup
  31. Ares GR, Caceres PS, Ortiz PA. Molecular regulation of NKCC2 in the thick ascending limb.. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011 Dec;301(6):F1143-59.
    doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00396.2011pmc: PMC3233874pubmed: 21900458google scholar: lookup
  32. Ranieri M. Renal Ca(2+) and Water Handling in Response to Calcium Sensing Receptor Signaling: Physiopathological Aspects and Role of CaSR-Regulated microRNAs.. Int J Mol Sci 2019 Oct 27;20(21).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms20215341pmc: PMC6862519pubmed: 31717830google scholar: lookup
  33. Riccardi D, Brown EM. Physiology and pathophysiology of the calcium-sensing receptor in the kidney.. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010 Mar;298(3):F485-99.
    doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00608.2009pmc: PMC2838589pubmed: 19923405google scholar: lookup
  34. Toribio RE, Kohn CW, Hardy J, Rosol TJ. Alterations in serum parathyroid hormone and electrolyte concentrations and urinary excretion of electrolytes in horses with induced endotoxemia.. J Vet Intern Med 2005 Mar-Apr;19(2):223-31.
    doi: 10.1892/0891-6640(2005)19<223:aispha>2.0.co;2pubmed: 15822568google scholar: lookup
  35. Levine BS, Rodríguez M, Felsenfeld AJ. Serum calcium and bone: effect of PTH, phosphate, vitamin D and uremia.. Nefrologia 2014;34(5):658-69.
    doi: 10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2014.Jun.12379pubmed: 25259820google scholar: lookup
  36. Littledike ET, Arnaud CD. The influence of plasma magnesium concentrations on calcitonin secretion in the pig.. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1971 Mar;136(3):1000-6.
    doi: 10.3181/00379727-136-35415pubmed: 5555353google scholar: lookup
  37. Ferrè S, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ. Sensing mechanisms involved in Ca2+ and Mg2+ homeostasis.. Kidney Int 2012 Dec;82(11):1157-66.
    doi: 10.1038/ki.2012.179pubmed: 22622503google scholar: lookup
  38. Wagner CA. The calcium-sensing receptor directly regulates proximal tubular functions.. Kidney Int 2013 Aug;84(2):228-30.
    doi: 10.1038/ki.2013.128pubmed: 23903415google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,359 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.