FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Journal of veterinary internal medicine2022; 37(1); 338-348; doi: 10.1111/jvim.16598

Effects of low-dust forages on dust exposure, airway cytology, and plasma omega-3 concentrations in Thoroughbred racehorses: A randomized clinical trial.

Abstract: Racehorses commonly develop evidence of mild asthma in response to dust exposure. Diets deficient in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (Ω-3) might exacerbate this response. Objective: To compare dust exposure, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology, and plasma Ω-3 and specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM) concentrations amongst racehorses fed dry hay, steamed hay, and haylage. Methods: Forty-three Thoroughbred racehorses. Methods: Prospective clinical trial. Horses were randomly assigned to be fed dry hay, steamed hay, or haylage for 6 weeks. Measures of exposure to dust in the breathing zone were obtained twice. At baseline, week-3, and week-6, BALF cytology was examined. Plasma lipid profiles and plasma SPM concentrations were examined at baseline and week 6. Generalized linear mixed models examined the effect of forage upon dust exposure, BALF cytology, Ω-3, and SPM concentrations. Results: Respirable dust was significantly higher for horses fed hay (least-square mean ± s.e.m. 0.081 ± 0.007 mg/m ) when compared with steamed hay (0.056 ± 0.005 mg/m , P = .01) or haylage (0.053 ± 0.005 mg/m , P < .01). At week 6, BALF neutrophil proportions in horses eating haylage (3.0% ± 0.6%) were significantly lower compared with baseline (5.1 ± 0.7, P = .04) and horses eating hay (6.3% ± 0.8%, P < .01). Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid ratios were higher in horses eating haylage for 6 weeks (0.51 ± 0.07) when compared with baseline (0.34 ± 0.05, P < .01) and horses eating steamed (0.24 ± 0.02, P < .01) or dry hay (0.25 ± 0.03, P < .01). Conclusions: Steamed hay and haylage reduce dust exposure compared with dry hay, but only haylage increased the ratio of anti-inflammatory to pro-inflammatory lipids while reducing BAL neutrophil proportions within 6 weeks.
© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-12-07 PubMed ID: 36478588PubMed Central: PMC9889630DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16598Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Randomized Controlled Trial
  • Veterinary
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study examines the effects of different types of hay on dust exposure and related lung health among racehorses, finding that haylage, when compared to regular or steamed hay, leads to lower dust exposure and improved lung health indicators.

Research Methodology

  • The study was a prospective clinical trial involving 43 Thoroughbred racehorses randomly assigned to be fed with one of three types of forages: dry hay, steamed hay, or haylage for 6 weeks.
  • Dust exposure was recorded by measuring the amount of airborne dust in the horses’ respective breathing zones at two different points in time across the trial period.
  • The horses’ lung health was then evaluated through bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) examinations at the start of the trial, at week-3, and again at week-6. The BALF cytology involves analyzing the types and numbers of cells in fluid from the horse’s lungs.
  • The researchers also analyzed plasma lipid profiles and plasma concentrations of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), which are substances involved in resolving inflammation in the body, at the beginning and end of the trial.
  • The effects of the different types of hay on dust exposure, lung health (as indicated by BALF cytology), and ratios of various lipids in the blood were statistically analyzed using generalized linear mixed models.

Key Findings

  • Respirable dust was notably higher in horses fed with dry hay as compared to those horses fed with steamed hay or haylage.
  • A significant reduce in BALF neutrophil count, which is a type of white blood cell and an indicator of inflammation and infection, was observed in horses eating haylage at week 6 compared with the baseline measurement and with horses eating hay.
  • The ratio of anti-inflammatory (eicosapentaenoic acid) to pro-inflammatory (arachidonic acid) lipids in the blood was higher in horses fed with haylage for 6 weeks when compared with baseline ratios and with those horses fed with either dry or steamed hay.

Conclusions

  • Feeding racehorses with steamed hay and haylage can help reduce dust exposure compared to dry hay. Therefore, these forages can be used to limit the horses’ risk of developing respiratory issues from dust inhalation.
  • Haylage was unique in its ability to both increase the ratio of anti-inflammatory to pro-inflammatory lipids and reduce the proportions of BAL neutrophils within 6 weeks. This indicates a significant beneficial effect of haylage on lung health in horses compared to the other types of forages tested in this study.

Cite This Article

APA
Olave CJ, Ivester KM, Couetil LL, Burgess J, Park JH, Mukhopadhyay A. (2022). Effects of low-dust forages on dust exposure, airway cytology, and plasma omega-3 concentrations in Thoroughbred racehorses: A randomized clinical trial. J Vet Intern Med, 37(1), 338-348. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16598

Publication

Journal of veterinary internal medicine
ISSN: 1939-1676
NlmUniqueID: 8708660
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 37
Issue: 1
Pages: 338-348

Researcher Affiliations

Olave, Carla J
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
Ivester, Kathleen M
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
Couetil, Laurent L
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
Burgess, John
  • Department of Nutrition Science, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
Park, Jae Hong
  • School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
Mukhopadhyay, Abhijit
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Dust
  • Prospective Studies
  • Respiratory System
  • Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid
  • Diet / veterinary
  • Horse Diseases

Grant Funding

  • IND020767AH / National Institute of Food and Agriculture
  • C&M Forage
  • Grayson-Jockey Club Research Foundation
  • State of Indiana and PVM Research Account
  • T03 OH008615 / NIOSH CDC HHS
  • Haygain

Conflict of Interest Statement

Authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 52 references
  1. Ivester KM, Couëtil LL, Moore GE. An observational study of environmental exposures, airway cytology, and performance in racing thoroughbreds.. J Vet Intern Med 2018 Sep;32(5):1754-1762.
    pmc: PMC6189343pubmed: 30222207doi: 10.1111/jvim.15226google scholar: lookup
  2. Ivester KM, Couëtil LL, Moore GE, Zimmerman NJ, Raskin RE. Environmental exposures and airway inflammation in young thoroughbred horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2014 May-Jun;28(3):918-24.
    pmc: PMC4895475pubmed: 24773603doi: 10.1111/jvim.12333google scholar: lookup
  3. Couëtil LL, Cardwell JM, Gerber V, Lavoie JP, Léguillette R, Richard EA. Inflammatory Airway Disease of Horses--Revised Consensus Statement.. J Vet Intern Med 2016 Mar-Apr;30(2):503-15.
    pmc: PMC4913592pubmed: 26806374doi: 10.1111/jvim.13824google scholar: lookup
  4. Holcombe SJ, Robinson NE, Derksen FJ, Bertold B, Genovese R, Miller R, de Feiter Rupp H, Carr EA, Eberhart SW, Boruta D, Kaneene JB. Effect of tracheal mucus and tracheal cytology on racing performance in Thoroughbred racehorses.. Equine Vet J 2006 Jul;38(4):300-4.
    pubmed: 16866195doi: 10.2746/042516406777749191google scholar: lookup
  5. Depecker M, Richard EA, Pitel PH, Fortier G, Leleu C, Couroucé-Malblanc A. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in Standardbred racehorses: influence of unilateral/bilateral profiles and cut-off values on lower airway disease diagnosis.. Vet J 2014 Jan;199(1):150-6.
    pubmed: 24225534doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.10.013google scholar: lookup
  6. Fleming K, Hessel EF, Van den Weghe HFA. Generation of airborne particles from different bedding materials used for horse keeping.. J Equine Vet Sci 2008;28:408‐418.
  7. Ivester KM, Couëtil LL, Zimmerman NJ. Investigating the link between particulate exposure and airway inflammation in the horse.. J Vet Intern Med 2014 Nov-Dec;28(6):1653-65.
    pmc: PMC4895611pubmed: 25273818doi: 10.1111/jvim.12458google scholar: lookup
  8. Clements JM, Pirie RS. Respirable dust concentrations in equine stables. Part 2: the benefits of soaking hay and optimising the environment in a neighbouring stable.. Res Vet Sci 2007 Oct;83(2):263-8.
    pubmed: 17467753doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.12.003google scholar: lookup
  9. Olave CJ, Ivester KM, Couetil LL, Kritchevsky JE, Tinkler SH, Mukhopadhyay A. Dust exposure and pulmonary inflammation in Standardbred racehorses fed dry hay or haylage: A pilot study.. Vet J 2021 May;271:105654.
    pubmed: 33840486doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105654google scholar: lookup
  10. Moore‐Colyer MJS, Taylor JLE, James R. The effect of steaming and soaking on the respirable particle, bacteria, mould, and nutrient content in hay for horses.. J Equine Vet Sci 2016;39:62‐68.
  11. Moore-Colyer MJ, Lumbis K, Longland A, Harris P. The effect of five different wetting treatments on the nutrient content and microbial concentration in hay for horses.. PLoS One 2014;9(11):e114079.
    pmc: PMC4245254pubmed: 25426729doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114079google scholar: lookup
  12. Nogradi N, Couetil LL, Messick J, Stochelski MA, Burgess JR. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation provides an additional benefit to a low-dust diet in the management of horses with chronic lower airway inflammatory disease.. J Vet Intern Med 2015 Jan;29(1):299-306.
    pmc: PMC4858086pubmed: 25307169doi: 10.1111/jvim.12488google scholar: lookup
  13. Couëtil LL, Art T, de Moffarts B, Becker M, Mélotte D, Jaspar F, Bureau F, Lekeux P. DNA binding activity of transcription factors in bronchial cells of horses with recurrent airway obstruction.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006 Sep 15;113(1-2):11-20.
    pubmed: 16753225doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.03.020google scholar: lookup
  14. Leclere M, Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Joubert P, Relave F, Setlakwe EL, Beauchamp G, Couture C, Martin JG, Lavoie JP. Corticosteroids and antigen avoidance decrease airway smooth muscle mass in an equine asthma model.. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012 Nov;47(5):589-96.
    pubmed: 22721832doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0363ocgoogle scholar: lookup
  15. Basil MC, Levy BD. Specialized pro-resolving mediators: endogenous regulators of infection and inflammation.. Nat Rev Immunol 2016 Jan;16(1):51-67.
    pmc: PMC5242505pubmed: 26688348doi: 10.1038/nri.2015.4google scholar: lookup
  16. Barnig C, Frossard N, Levy BD. Towards targeting resolution pathways of airway inflammation in asthma.. Pharmacol Ther 2018 Jun;186:98-113.
    pubmed: 29352860doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.01.004google scholar: lookup
  17. Serhan CN, Savill J. Resolution of inflammation: the beginning programs the end.. Nat Immunol 2005 Dec;6(12):1191-7.
    pubmed: 16369558doi: 10.1038/ni1276google scholar: lookup
  18. Serhan CN, Chiang N, Van Dyke TE. Resolving inflammation: dual anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution lipid mediators.. Nat Rev Immunol 2008 May;8(5):349-61.
    pmc: PMC2744593pubmed: 18437155doi: 10.1038/nri2294google scholar: lookup
  19. Duvall MG, Levy BD. DHA- and EPA-derived resolvins, protectins, and maresins in airway inflammation.. Eur J Pharmacol 2016 Aug 15;785:144-155.
    pmc: PMC4854800pubmed: 26546247doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.11.001google scholar: lookup
  20. Beermann C, Neumann S, Fußbroich D, Zielen S, Schubert R. Combinations of distinct long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid species for improved dietary treatment against allergic bronchial asthma.. Nutrition 2016 Nov-Dec;32(11-12):1165-70.
    pubmed: 27297719doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.04.004google scholar: lookup
  21. Stoodley I, Garg M, Scott H, Macdonald-Wicks L, Berthon B, Wood L. Higher Omega-3 Index Is Associated with Better Asthma Control and Lower Medication Dose: A Cross-Sectional Study.. Nutrients 2019 Dec 27;12(1).
    pmc: PMC7019867pubmed: 31892115doi: 10.3390/nሁ0074google scholar: lookup
  22. Boufaïed H, Chouinard PY, Tremblay GF, Petit HV, Michaud R, Bélanger G. Fatty acids in forages. I. Factors affecting concentrations.. Can J Anim Sci 2003;83:501‐511.
  23. . Controlled therapeutic substances.. .
  24. Ivester KM, Smith K, Moore GE, Zimmerman NJ, Couëtilt LL. Variability in particulate concentrations in a horse training barn over time.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2012 Dec;(43):51-6.
    pubmed: 23447878doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00647.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  25. Rosenthal FS, Gruntman A, Couetil LL. A comparison of total, respirable, and real-time airborne particulate sampling in horse barns.. J Occup Environ Hyg 2006 Nov;3(11):599-605.
    pubmed: 17086664doi: 10.1080/15459620600948557google scholar: lookup
  26. Gerber V, Lindberg A, Berney C, Robinson NE. Airway mucus in recurrent airway obstruction--short-term response to environmental challenge.. J Vet Intern Med 2004 Jan-Feb;18(1):92-7.
    pubmed: 14765737doi: 10.1892/0891-6640(2004)18<92:amirao>2.0.co;2google scholar: lookup
  27. Fernandez NJ, Hecker KG, Gilroy CV, Warren AL, Léguillette R. Reliability of 400-cell and 5-field leukocyte differential counts for equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.. Vet Clin Pathol 2013 Mar;42(1):92-8.
    pubmed: 23289790doi: 10.1111/vcp.12013google scholar: lookup
  28. FOLCH J, LEES M, SLOANE STANLEY GH. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues.. J Biol Chem 1957 May;226(1):497-509.
    pubmed: 13428781
  29. Antalis CJ, Stevens LJ, Campbell M, Pazdro R, Ericson K, Burgess JR. Omega-3 fatty acid status in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2006 Oct-Nov;75(4-5):299-308.
    pubmed: 16962757doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2006.07.004google scholar: lookup
  30. Stratford CH, Mayhew IG, Hudson NPH. Equine botulism: a clinical approach to diagnosis and management.. Equine Vet Educ 2014;26:441‐448.
  31. Geor RJ. Chapter 5.3 ‐ Nutritional management of the equine athlete.. Equine Exercise Physiology Edinburgh: W.B. Saunders; 2008:301‐325.
  32. McGorum B, Pirie RS, Keen JA. 38 ‐ Nutritional considerations in grass sickness, botulism, equine motor neuron disease and equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy.. Equine Applied and Clinical Nutrition Edinburgh: W.B. Saunders; 2013:597‐606.
  33. Harris PA, Ellis AD, Fradinho MJ, Jansson A, Julliand V, Luthersson N, Santos AS, Vervuert I. Review: Feeding conserved forage to horses: recent advances and recommendations.. Animal 2017 Jun;11(6):958-967.
    pubmed: 27881201doi: 10.1017/s1751731116002469google scholar: lookup
  34. Seguin V, Lemauviel‐Lavenant S, Garon D. An evaluation of the hygienic quality in single‐species hays and commercial forages used in equine nutrition.. Grass Forage Sci 2010;65:304‐317.
  35. Séguin V, Garon D, Lemauviel-Lavenant S, Lanier C, Bouchart V, Gallard Y, Blanchet B, Diquélou S, Personeni E, Ourry A. How to improve the hygienic quality of forages for horse feeding.. J Sci Food Agric 2012 Mar 15;92(4):975-86.
    pubmed: 22002664doi: 10.1002/jsfa.4680google scholar: lookup
  36. Clements JM, Pirie RS. Respirable dust concentrations in equine stables. Part 1: validation of equipment and effect of various management systems.. Res Vet Sci 2007 Oct;83(2):256-62.
    pubmed: 17477944doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.12.002google scholar: lookup
  37. Orard M, Hue E, Couroucé A, Bizon-Mercier C, Toquet MP, Moore-Colyer M, Couëtil L, Pronost S, Paillot R, Demoor M, Richard EA. The influence of hay steaming on clinical signs and airway immune response in severe asthmatic horses.. BMC Vet Res 2018 Nov 15;14(1):345.
    pmc: PMC6236910pubmed: 30442129doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1636-4google scholar: lookup
  38. Millerick-May ML, Karmaus W, Derksen FJ, Berthold B, Robinson NE. Airborne particulates (PM10) and tracheal mucus: A case-control study at an American Thoroughbred racetrack.. Equine Vet J 2015 Jul;47(4):410-4.
    pubmed: 24905487doi: 10.1111/evj.12303google scholar: lookup
  39. Wu J, Zhong T, Zhu Y, Ge D, Lin X, Li Q. Effects of particulate matter (PM) on childhood asthma exacerbation and control in Xiamen, China.. BMC Pediatr 2019 Jun 13;19(1):194.
    pmc: PMC6563520pubmed: 31196028doi: 10.1186/s12887-019-1530-7google scholar: lookup
  40. Keet CA, Keller JP, Peng RD. Long-Term Coarse Particulate Matter Exposure Is Associated with Asthma among Children in Medicaid.. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018 Mar 15;197(6):737-746.
    pmc: PMC5855070pubmed: 29243937doi: 10.1164/rccm.201706-1267ocgoogle scholar: lookup
  41. McGorum BC, Ellison J, Cullen RT. Total and respirable airborne dust endotoxin concentrations in three equine management systems.. Equine Vet J 1998 Sep;30(5):430-4.
    pubmed: 9758102doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04514.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  42. Douwes J, Thorne P, Pearce N, Heederik D. Bioaerosol health effects and exposure assessment: progress and prospects.. Ann Occup Hyg 2003 Apr;47(3):187-200.
    pubmed: 12639832doi: 10.1093/annhyg/meg032google scholar: lookup
  43. Burrell MH, Wood JL, Whitwell KE, Chanter N, Mackintosh ME, Mumford JA. Respiratory disease in thoroughbred horses in training: the relationships between disease and viruses, bacteria and environment.. Vet Rec 1996 Sep 28;139(13):308-13.
    pubmed: 8893488doi: 10.1136/vr.139.13.308google scholar: lookup
  44. Olave CJ, Ivester KM, Couëtil LL, Franco-Marmolejo J, Mukhopadhyay A, Robinson JP, Park JH. Effects of forages, dust exposure and proresolving lipids on airway inflammation in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2021 Nov 25;83(2):153-161.
    pubmed: 34843444doi: 10.2460/ajvr.21.08.0126google scholar: lookup
  45. Kirschvink N, Di Silvestro F, Sbaï I, Vandenput S, Art T, Roberts C, Lekeux P. The use of cardboard bedding material as part of an environmental control regime for heaves-affected horses: in vitro assessment of airborne dust and aeroallergen concentration and in vivo effects on lung function.. Vet J 2002 May;163(3):319-25.
    pubmed: 12090775doi: 10.1053/tvjl.2001.0658google scholar: lookup
  46. Serhan CN. Pro-resolving lipid mediators are leads for resolution physiology.. Nature 2014 Jun 5;510(7503):92-101.
    pmc: PMC4263681pubmed: 24899309doi: 10.1038/nature13479google scholar: lookup
  47. Lunn J, Theobald HE. The health effects of dietary unsaturated fatty acids.. Nutr Bull 2006;31:178‐224.
  48. Kytikova O, Novgorodtseva T, Denisenko Y, Antonyuk M, Gvozdenko T. Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators in the Pathophysiology of Asthma.. Medicina (Kaunas) 2019 Jun 18;55(6).
    pmc: PMC6631965pubmed: 31216723doi: 10.3390/medicina55060284google scholar: lookup
  49. Miyata J, Arita M. Role of omega-3 fatty acids and their metabolites in asthma and allergic diseases.. Allergol Int 2015 Jan;64(1):27-34.
    pubmed: 25572556doi: 10.1016/j.alit.2014.08.003google scholar: lookup
  50. Calder PC. Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: from molecules to man.. Biochem Soc Trans 2017 Oct 15;45(5):1105-1115.
    pubmed: 28900017doi: 10.1042/bst20160474google scholar: lookup
  51. Mickleborough TD, Tecklenburg SL, Montgomery GS, Lindley MR. Eicosapentaenoic acid is more effective than docosahexaenoic acid in inhibiting proinflammatory mediator production and transcription from LPS-induced human asthmatic alveolar macrophage cells.. Clin Nutr 2009 Feb;28(1):71-7.
    pubmed: 19054597doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2008.10.012google scholar: lookup
  52. Mickleborough TD, Murray RL, Ionescu AA, Lindley MR. Fish oil supplementation reduces severity of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes.. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003 Nov 15;168(10):1181-9.
    pubmed: 12904324doi: 10.1164/rccm.200303-373ocgoogle scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 7 times.
  1. Woodrow JS, Sheats MK, Cooper B, Bayless R. Asthma: The Use of Animal Models and Their Translational Utility. Cells 2023 Apr 5;12(7).
    doi: 10.3390/cells12071091pubmed: 37048164google scholar: lookup
  2. Kic P, Wohlmuthová M. The Indoor Environment at the University Equestrian Facility in the Autumn Semester: A Case Study. Animals (Basel) 2025 Nov 18;15(22).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15223322pubmed: 41302030google scholar: lookup
  3. Ivester KM, Ni JQ, Couetil LL, Peters TM, Tatum M, Willems L, Park JH. A wearable real-time particulate monitor demonstrates that soaking hay reduces dust exposure. Equine Vet J 2025 Jul;57(4):1065-1073.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.14425pubmed: 39463012google scholar: lookup
  4. Symoens A, Westerfeld R, Vives BM, André V, Moulon L, Collomb M, Richard H, Juette T, Bédard C, Leclère M. Steamed hay and alfalfa pellets for the management of severe equine asthma. Equine Vet J 2025 May;57(3):756-765.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.14209pubmed: 39164027google scholar: lookup
  5. Mönki J, Mykkänen A. Lipids in Equine Airway Inflammation: An Overview of Current Knowledge. Animals (Basel) 2024 Jun 18;14(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14121812pubmed: 38929431google scholar: lookup
  6. Diez de Castro E, Fernandez-Molina JM. Environmental Management of Equine Asthma. Animals (Basel) 2024 Jan 30;14(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14030446pubmed: 38338089google scholar: lookup
  7. Westerfeld R, Payette F, Dubuc V, Manguin E, Picotte K, Beauchamp G, Bédard C, Leclere M. Effects of soaked hay on lung function and airway inflammation in horses with severe asthma. J Vet Intern Med 2024 Jan-Feb;38(1):469-476.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16919pubmed: 37930110google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,658 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.