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Home / Equine Research Bank / Front Vet Sci / Effects of lysine and threonine on milk yield, amino acid me...
Frontiers in veterinary science2024; 11; 1396053; doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1396053

Effects of lysine and threonine on milk yield, amino acid metabolism, and fecal microbiota of Yili lactating mares.

Abstract: The nutritional benefits of mare milk are attracting increasing consumer interest. Limited availability due to low yield poses a challenge for widespread adoption. Although lysine and threonine are often used to enhance protein synthesis and muscle mass in horses, their impact on mare milk yield and nutrient composition remains underexplored. This study investigated the effects of lysine and threonine supplementation on 24 healthy Yili mares, mares at day 30 of lactation, over a 120-day period. The mares were divided into control and three experimental groups (six mares each) under pure grazing conditions. The control group received no amino acid supplementation, while experimental groups received varying daily doses of lysine and threonine: Group I (40 g lysine + 20 g threonine), Group II (60 g lysine + 40 g threonine), and Group III (80 g lysine + 60 g threonine). Supplementation in Group II notably increased milk yield, while Groups I and II showed higher milk fat percentages, and all experimental groups exhibited improved milk protein percentages. Additionally, blood levels of total protein, albumin, triglycerides, and glucose were reduced. Detailed analyses from Group II at peak lactation (day 60) included targeted metabolomics and microbial sequencing of milk, blood, and fecal samples. Amino acid metabolomics assessed amino acid content in mare milk and serum, while 16S rRNA gene sequencing evaluated rectal microbial composition. The results indicated that lysine and threonine supplementation significantly increased levels of threonine and creatine in the blood, and lysine, threonine, glutamine, and alanine in mare milk. Microbial analysis revealed a higher prevalence of certain bacterial families and genera, including Prevotellaceae, p_251_o5, and Rikenellaceae at the family level, and 251_001, and _RC9_ at the genus level. Multi-omics analysis showed positive correlations between specific fecal genera and amino acids in mare milk. For instance, 003, BS11, and were positively correlated with lysine, while was positively correlated with alanine and threonine, and was positively correlated with glutamine. In summary, lysine and threonine supplementation in grazing lactating mares enhanced milk production and improved milk protein and fat quality. It is recommended that herders, veterinarians, and technicians consider amino acid content in the diet of lactating mares. The optimal supplementation levels under grazing conditions for Yili horses were determined to be 60 g lysine and 40 g threonine per day. Future research should explore the molecular mechanisms by which these amino acids influence milk protein and lipid synthesis in mare mammary epithelial cells.
Copyright © 2024 Lin, Jing, Wang, Lucien-Cabaraux, Yang, Liu and Li.
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Publication Date: 2024-07-03 PubMed ID: 39021407PubMed Central: PMC11251924DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1396053Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study reveals that supplementation of lysine and threonine in the diets of Yili lactating mares increases milk production, improves milk nutrition quality, and changes the microbial composition in the mares. The ideal supplementation levels are 60 grams of lysine and 40 grams of threonine per day.

Metholodogy of the Study

  • In the study, 24 healthy Yili mares at the 30-day stage of lactation were observed for a period of 120 days. The mares were divided into a control group and three experimental groups of six mares each.
  • The control group was not given any amino acid supplementation while the experimental groups received different doses of lysine and threonine each day: 40 grams of lysine + 20 grams of threonine (Group I), 60 grams of lysine + 40 grams of threonine (Group II), and 80 grams of lysine + 60 grams of threonine (Group III).
  • Among the supplements, Group II showed the most significant increase in milk production, with Groups I and II also indicating higher milk fat percentages. All experimental groups demonstrated enhanced milk protein percentages.
  • All experimental groups revealed a reduction in total protein, albumin, triglycerides, and glucose blood levels.

Metabolomics and Microbial Analysis

  • A thorough analysis was applied to Group II at peak lactation (day 60) involving targeted metabolomics and microbial sequencing of milk, blood, and fecal samples.
  • Amino acid metabolomics was used to evaluate amino acid content in mare milk and serum, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used for analyzing the microbial composition of rectal samples.
  • The analysis results pointed to lysine and threonine supplementation significantly increasing levels of threonine and creatine in the blood, and lysine, threonine, glutamine, and alanine in mare milk. Microbial analysis revealed a higher prevalence of certain bacterial families and genera.

Findings and Recommendations

  • There were positive correlations between certain fecal genera and amino acids in mare milk. For example, the genera 003, BS11, and were positively correlated with lysine, while was positively correlated with alanine and threonine, and was positively correlated with glutamine.
  • The study concludes that lysine and threonine supplementation in grazing lactating mares enhances milk production and improves milk protein and fat quality. Therefore, it is recommended that herders, veterinarians, and technicians consider including the appropriate levels of these amino acids in the diet of lactating mares.
  • The optimal supplementation levels under grazing conditions for Yili horses were determined to be 60 grams of lysine and 40 grams of threonine per day.
  • The authors of the study suggest that future research should explore the molecular mechanisms by which these amino acids influence milk protein and lipid synthesis in mare mammary epithelial cells.

Cite This Article

APA
Lin J, Jing H, Wang J, Lucien-Cabaraux JF, Yang K, Liu W, Li X. (2024). Effects of lysine and threonine on milk yield, amino acid metabolism, and fecal microbiota of Yili lactating mares. Front Vet Sci, 11, 1396053. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1396053

Publication

Frontiers in veterinary science
ISSN: 2297-1769
NlmUniqueID: 101666658
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Pages: 1396053
PII: 1396053

Researcher Affiliations

Lin, Jianwei
  • Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat and Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China.
Jing, Hongxin
  • Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat and Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China.
Wang, Jianwen
  • Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Horse Breeding and Exercise Physiology, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China.
Lucien-Cabaraux, Jean-Francois
  • Faculty of Veterinary Animal Resource Management, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium.
Yang, Kailun
  • Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat and Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China.
Liu, Wujun
  • Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Horse Breeding and Exercise Physiology, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China.
Li, Xiaobin
  • Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat and Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China.
  • Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Horse Breeding and Exercise Physiology, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Mukhanbetzhanov N, Jarmukhanov Z, Kozhakhmetov S, Kushugulova A. Metagenomic analysis reveals higher Coriobacteriia abundance in mare's milk consumers. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024 Dec 12;13(12):e0086224.
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