Effects of warm-up intensity on kinetics of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production during high-intensity exercise in horses.
Abstract: To compare effects of low and high intensity warm-up exercise on oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) in horses. Methods: 6 moderately conditioned adult Standard-breds. Methods: Horses ran for 2 minutes at 115% of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), 5 minutes after each of the following periods: no warm-up (NoWU); 10 minutes at 50% of VO2max (LoWU); or 7 minutes at 50% VO2max followed by 45-second intervals at 80, 90, and 100% VO2max (HiWU). Oxygen consumption and VCO2 were measured during exercise, and kinetics of VO2 and VCO2 were calculated. Accumulated O2 deficit was also calculated. Results: For both warm-up trials, the time constant for the rapid exponential increase in VO2 was 30% lower than for NoWU. Similarly, the rate of increase in VCO2 was 23% faster in LoWU and HiWU than in NoWU. Peak values for VO2 achieved during the high-speed test were not significantly different among trials (LoWU, 150.2 +/- 3.2 ml/kg/min; HiWU, 151.2 +/- 4.2 ml/kg/min; NoWU, 145.1 +/- 4.1 ml/kg/min). However, accumulated O2 deficit (ml of O2 equivalents/kg) was significantly lower during LoWU (65.3 +/- 5.1) and HiWU (63.4 +/- 3.9) than during NoWU (82.1 +/- 7.3). Conclusions: Both the low- and high-intensity warm-up, completed 5 minutes before the start of high-intensity exercise, accelerated the kinetics of VO2 and VCO2 and decreased accumulated O2 deficit during 2 minutes of intense exertion in horses that were moderately conditioned.
Publication Date: 2000-06-13 PubMed ID: 10850838DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.638Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Comparative Study
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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The research article studies the impact of different intensity warm-up workouts on the oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) in moderately conditioned Standard-bred horses. The warm-up exercises were conducted in low and high intensity before the horses were put through intense exertion. The study concluded both warm-up techniques significantly increased the kinetics of VO2 and VCO2 while reducing the accumulated oxygen deficit during the high-intensity performance.
Research Methodology
- The subjects of the study were six adult standard-bred horses that were moderately conditioned.
- They were given varying levels of warm-up exercises and then run for 2 minutes at 115% of their maximum oxygen consumption rate (VO2max), and this was commenced 5 minutes after each separate session of warm-up.
- The warm-up sessions involved: no warm-up (NoWU), 10 minutes of exercise at 50% of VO2max (LoWU), and another session of warming up comprised of 7 minutes at 50% VO2max, followed by 45-second intervals at 80, 90, and 100% VO2max (HiWU).
- Oxygen consumption and VCO2were recorded during the exercise, after which kinetics of VO2 and VCO2 were calculated. The study also calculated the accumulated oxygen deficit.
Results
- The time constant for the rapid exponential increase in VO2 was found to be 30% lower for both levels of warm-up when compared with no warm-up scenario.
- Similarly, the rate of increase in VCO2 was 23% faster in both warm-up scenarios than when compared with no warm-up.
- Peak values for VO2 achieved during the high-speed test didn’t depict any significant difference across the trials.
- However, the accumulated oxygen deficit was significantly lower (lesser oxygen deficit) during both warm-up trials than in the no warm-up condition.
Conclusions
- The study concludes that both low- and high-intensity warm-ups, when conducted 5 minutes prior to the start of high-intensity exercise, dramatically accelerated VO2 and VCO2 kinetics and decreased the accumulated oxygen deficit during 2 minutes of intense exertion.
- This suggests that the warm-up exercises prepare the cardiorespiratory system of horses for a quicker and more effective response to subsequent high-intensity activities.
Cite This Article
APA
Geor RJ, McCutcheon LJ, Hinchcliff KW.
(2000).
Effects of warm-up intensity on kinetics of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production during high-intensity exercise in horses.
Am J Vet Res, 61(6), 638-645.
https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.638 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Body Temperature
- Calorimetry / veterinary
- Carbon Dioxide / metabolism
- Cross-Over Studies
- Female
- Horses / physiology
- Kinetics
- Male
- Oxygen Consumption / physiology
- Physical Conditioning, Animal / physiology
- Pulmonary Gas Exchange
- Random Allocation
- Regression Analysis
Citations
This article has been cited 4 times.- Janczarek I, Kędzierski W, Tkaczyk E, Kaczmarek B, Łuszczyński J, Mucha K. Thermographic Analysis of the Metacarpal and Metatarsal Areas in Jumping Sport Horses and Leisure Horses in Response to Warm-Up Duration. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jul 6;11(7).
- Thevenet D, Tardieu-Berger M, Berthoin S, Prioux J. Influence of recovery mode (passive vs. active) on time spent at maximal oxygen uptake during an intermittent session in young and endurance-trained athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007 Jan;99(2):133-42.
- Behnke BJ, Kindig CA, Musch TI, Sexton WL, Poole DC. Effects of prior contractions on muscle microvascular oxygen pressure at onset of subsequent contractions. J Physiol 2002 Mar 15;539(Pt 3):927-34.
- Frippiat T, Votion DM. Warm-Up Strategies and Effects on Performance in Racing Horses and Sport Horses Competing in Olympic Disciplines. Animals (Basel) 2024 Mar 19;14(6).
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