Effects of xylazine and adrenaline combinations: Preliminary clinical application for non-surgical protocols of nephrosplenic entrapment in horses.
Abstract: The medical treatment of horses with nephrosplenic entrapment (NSE) of the large colon through administrating phenylephrine and rolling during general anesthesia was effective and less expensive than surgical treatment. However, the selection of drugs for non-surgical treatment of NSE is not a usual method for clinical practice. This study aimed to identify the effects of combined drugs on the cardiac and splenic response in horses and provide information on the NSE of the large colon for clinical application. Methods: Six healthy Thai native crossbred horses were enrolled in this study. Horses received two protocols with a withdrawal period of 14 days: Group 1 received xylazine (0.5 mg/kg IV) and adrenaline (1 mcg/kg IV), and Group 2 received xylazine (0.5 mg/kg IV) and adrenaline (3 mcg/kg IV). Heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV), heart dimensions, and the splenic response of six horses were measured before the sedation, 30 and 60 min later, and 65, 70, 75, 80, 90, and 100 min after adrenaline administration. Doppler was used to obtain systolic blood pressure. Results: The HRV low-frequency and high-frequency power ratios decreased after using xylazine. Hypertension was observed after adrenaline administration. In this study, there were only minimal differences in the HR and respiratory rate between groups. However, overall cardiac and splenic parameters were statistically higher in Group 2. Conclusions: This study suggested that xylazine and three micrograms of adrenaline preserved the cardiac autonomic activity balance and were safe to use non-surgical applicability in horses.
Copyright: © Cherdchutham, et al.
Publication Date: 2021-12-28 PubMed ID: 35153411PubMed Central: PMC8829408DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.3188-3193Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
This research explores how the use of a combined drug treatment involving xylazine and adrenaline on horses with nephrosplenic entrapment of the large colon can be effective and less costly than surgical treatments. The effects of the drugs on the heart and spleen are analyzed to provide information for its clinical application.
Methods
- The study used six healthy Thai native crossbred horses subjected to two different treatment protocols with a break of 14 days in between.
- The first group received 0.5 mg/kg IV of xylazine and 1 mcg/kg IV of adrenaline.
- The second group underwent the same dosage of xylazine but received a higher dose of adrenaline at 3 mcg/kg IV.
- Measurements of the horses’ heart rates, heart rate variability, and heart dimensions, as well as their splenic responses, were taken at various intervals prior to and following the drug administration.
- A Doppler device was used to measure the horses’ systolic blood pressure.
Results
- The study’s results showed that the heart rate variability’s low and high frequency power ratios were affected by the usage of xylazine, showing a decrease. Adrenaline administration led to observed hypertension in subjects.
- There were minimal differences observed in heart rate and respiratory rate between the two groups.
- Overall, the cardiac and splenic parameters showed statistically significant results in Group 2, which was exposed to the higher adrenaline dosage.
Conclusions
- The findings suggest that the combination of xylazine and 3 mcg of adrenaline preserved the balance of cardiac autonomic activity and was safe to use for non-surgical procedures in horses suffering from nephrosplenic entrapment.
- This study’s observations could provide insightful clinical applications for the non-surgical treatment of these conditions in horses, offering a cost-effective alternative to surgery.
Cite This Article
APA
Cherdchutham W, Sukhong P, Sae-Oueng K, Supanwinijkul N, Wiangnak K, Srimuang J, Apichaimongkonkun T, Limratchapong S, Petchdee S.
(2021).
Effects of xylazine and adrenaline combinations: Preliminary clinical application for non-surgical protocols of nephrosplenic entrapment in horses.
Vet World, 14(12), 3188-3193.
https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.3188-3193 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus 73140, Thailand.
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus 73140, Thailand.
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus 73140, Thailand.
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus 73140, Thailand.
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus 73140, Thailand.
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus 73140, Thailand.
- Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, 73140, Thailand.
- Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, 73140, Thailand.
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus 73140, Thailand.
References
This article includes 24 references
- Dugdale AH, Taylor PM. Equine anaesthesia-associated mortality: where are we now?. Vet Anaesth Analg 2016 May;43(3):242-55.
- Nelson BB, Ruple-Czerniak AA, Hendrickson DA, Hackett ES. Laparoscopic Closure of the Nephrosplenic Space in Horses with Nephrosplenic Colonic Entrapment: Factors Associated with Survival and Colic Recurrence.. Vet Surg 2016 Nov;45(S1):O60-O69.
- Abutarbush SM, Naylor JM. Comparison of surgical versus medical treatment of nephrosplenic entrapment of the large colon in horses: 19 cases (1992-2002).. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005 Aug 15;227(4):603-5.
- Hardy J, Minton M, Robertson JT, Beard WL, Beard LA. Nephrosplenic entrapment in the horse: a retrospective study of 174 cases.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2000 Jun;(32):95-7.
- Lindegaard C, Ekstrøm CT, Wulf SB, Vendelbo JM, Andersen PH. Nephrosplenic entrapment of the large colon in 142 horses (2000-2009): analysis of factors associated with decision of treatment and short-term survival.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2011 Aug;(39):63-8.
- Habershon-Butcher J, Cutler C, Viljanto M, Hincks PR, Biddle S, Paine SW. Re-evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of xylazine administered to Thoroughbred horses.. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020 Jan;43(1):6-12.
- Hatz LA, Hartnack S, Kümmerle J, Hässig M, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R. A study of measurement of noninvasive blood pressure with the oscillometric device, Sentinel, in isoflurane-anaesthetized horses.. Vet Anaesth Analg 2015 Jul;42(4):369-76.
- Masoudifard M, Esmailinejad MR, Sakhaee E, Azari O, Vafaei R, Ghalekhani N. Pulsed wave Doppler echocardiographic assessment after sedation by intravenous injection of medetomidine and xylazine hydrochloride on cardiac output and systolic time intervals in one-humped camel calves (Camelus dromedarious).. Iran J Vet Res 2020 Fall;21(4):257-262.
- England GC, Clarke KW, Goossens L. A comparison of the sedative effects of three alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists (romifidine, detomidine and xylazine) in the horse.. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1992 Jun;15(2):194-201.
- Deniau V, Depecker M, Bizon-Mercier C, Couroucé-Malblanc A. Influence of detomidine and xylazine on spleen dimensions and on splenic response to epinephrine infusion in healthy adult horses.. Vet Anaesth Analg 2013 Jul;40(4):375-81.
- Kishi T. Heart failure as an autonomic nervous system dysfunction.. J Cardiol 2012 Mar;59(2):117-22.
- Pagani M, Lombardi F, Guzzetti S, Rimoldi O, Furlan R, Pizzinelli P, Sandrone G, Malfatto G, Dell'Orto S, Piccaluga E. Power spectral analysis of heart rate and arterial pressure variabilities as a marker of sympatho-vagal interaction in man and conscious dog.. Circ Res 1986 Aug;59(2):178-93.
- Pomeranz B, Macaulay RJ, Caudill MA, Kutz I, Adam D, Gordon D, Kilborn KM, Barger AC, Shannon DC, Cohen RJ. Assessment of autonomic function in humans by heart rate spectral analysis.. Am J Physiol 1985 Jan;248(1 Pt 2):H151-3.
- McConachie EL, Giguère S, Rapoport G, Barton MH. Heart rate variability in horses with acute gastrointestinal disease requiring exploratory laparotomy.. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2016 Mar-Apr;26(2):269-80.
- Petchdee S, Laikul A, Leklub J, Rattanakunuprakarn J. The effects of different combinations of anesthetic drug on cardiopulmonary functions and recovery behavior in horses.. Res. J. Vet. Pract. 2018;6(3):20–25.
- Parry BW, McCarthy MA, Anderson GA. Survey of resting blood pressure values in clinically normal horses.. Equine Vet J 1984 Jan;16(1):53-8.
- Kullmann A, Sanz M, Fosgate GT, Saulez MN, Page PC, Rioja E. Effects of xylazine, romifidine, or detomidine on hematology, biochemistry, and splenic thickness in healthy horses.. Can Vet J 2014 Apr;55(4):334-40.
- Tennent-Brown B. Blood lactate measurement and interpretation in critically ill equine adults and neonates.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2014 Aug;30(2):399-413, viii.
- Edner AH, Nyman GC, Essén-Gustavsson B. Metabolism before, during and after anaesthesia in colic and healthy horses.. Acta Vet Scand 2007 Nov 15;49(1):34.
- Bowen IM, Marr CM, Chester AH, Wheeler-Jones CP, Elliott J. In-vitro contraction of the equine aortic valve.. J Heart Valve Dis 2004 Jul;13(4):593-9.
- Nath LC, Anderson GA, Hinchcliff KW, Savage CJ. Clinicopathologic evidence of myocardial injury in horses with acute abdominal disease.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012 Nov 1;241(9):1202-8.
- Frederick J, Giguère S, Butterworth K, Pellegrini-Masini A, Casas-Dolz R, Turpin MM. Severe phenylephrine-associated hemorrhage in five aged horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010 Oct 1;237(7):830-4.
- Younes M, Robert C, Barrey E, Cottin F. Effects of Age, Exercise Duration, and Test Conditions on Heart Rate Variability in Young Endurance Horses.. Front Physiol 2016;7:155.
- Jena B, Das J, Nath I, Sardar K.K, Sahoo A, Beura S.S, Painuli A. Clinical evaluation of total intravenous anaesthesia using xylazine or dexmedetomidine with propofol in the surgical management of canine patients.. Vet. World. 2014;7(9):671–680.
Citations
This article has been cited 0 times.Use Nutrition Calculator
Check if your horse's diet meets their nutrition requirements with our easy-to-use tool Check your horse's diet with our easy-to-use tool
Talk to a Nutritionist
Discuss your horse's feeding plan with our experts over a free phone consultation Discuss your horse's diet over a phone consultation
Submit Diet Evaluation
Get a customized feeding plan for your horse formulated by our equine nutritionists Get a custom feeding plan formulated by our nutritionists
