Efficacy of a whole inactivated EI vaccine against a recent EIV outbreak isolate and comparative detection of virus shedding.
Abstract: An outbreak of H3N8 Equine Influenza virus (EIV) that occurred in vaccinated horses in Japan was caused by a genetically divergent EIV isolate of the Florida clade 1 sub-lineage. This virus subsequently entered Australia where it infected thousands of immunologically naïve horses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of a non-updated whole inactivated equine influenza (EI) vaccine to protect if used in the face of an outbreak induced by a virus similar to the ones circulating in Japan and Australia in 2007. Seven naïve Welsh mountain ponies were immunised twice with the commercially available vaccine Duvaxyn IE-T Plus and experimentally infected with A/eq2/Sydney/2888-8/07. Five ponies remained unvaccinated as controls. The ponies were challenged in an ACDP (Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens) Category III containment facility by exposure to a nebulised aerosol of A/eq2/Sydney/2888-8/07 two weeks after the second vaccination. Clinical signs and virus shedding were monitored for 14 days post-challenge infection. After challenge infection, all control ponies developed clinical signs of disease with coughing being particularly noteworthy when compared with vaccinated ponies. Only 3 out of 5 controls developed pyrexia for up to 3 days, and 1 out of 7 vaccinates was pyretic for 1 day. Nasal discharge was evident in both control and vaccinated ponies with no significant difference between groups. Three different methods were used to measure virus shedding in nasal secretions (i.e. titration in embryonated hens' eggs, EIV NP ELISA and EIV NP qRT-PCR). The intensity and duration of EIV shedding significantly decreased in the vaccinated group when compared with the control ponies. All control ponies seroconverted after experimental infection with A/eq2/Sydney/2888-8/07 whereas only 1 out of 7 vaccinated ponies had a significant increase in antibody. Duvaxyn IE-T Plus therefore reduced clinical signs and virus shedding when ponies were challenged with A/eq2/Sydney/2888-8/07 (H3N8), 2 weeks after a second dose of vaccine.
Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2010-03-27 PubMed ID: 20400185DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.03.019Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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The research examines the efficacy of a non-updated equine influenza (EI) vaccine against an outbreak of H3N8 Equine Influenza virus in Japan and Australia in 2007. The results show that the vaccine reduces clinical signs and virus shedding when ponies were challenged with the virus.
Study Background
- The research focuses on an outbreak of H3N8 Equine Influenza virus (EIV) that occurred among vaccinated horses in Japan and was caused by a genetically different EIV isolate from the Florida clade 1 sub-lineage.
- This virus later found its way into Australia, affecting a large number of previously unexposed horses.
- The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a commercially available, non-updated equine influenza vaccine (Duvaxyn IE-T Plus) when used during an outbreak induced by a virus closely related to those that were in circulation in Japan and Australia in 2007.
Research Methodology and Results
- The study involved seven Welsh mountain ponies. They were all immunised twice with the Duvaxyn IE-T Plus vaccine and were then infected with the A/eq2/Sydney/2888-8/07 virus.
- A control group of five ponies was not vaccinated and was similarly infected with the virus.
- The ponies were exposed to a nebulised aerosol containing the virus in a containment facility two weeks after the second vaccination round.
- The clinical signs of the disease and virus shedding were monitored in the ponies for 14 days after the controlled infection.
- All control ponies displayed signs of the disease after the controlled infection, whereas the vaccinated ponies showed reduced symptoms.
- Virus shedding in the nasal secretions of the ponies were measured using three different methods. The results showed a significant reduction in the intensity and duration of virus shedding among the vaccinated group compared to the control group.
- All control ponies seroconverted (developed measurable amounts of antibodies in response to infection) after infection with the virus, indicating a successful infection. Among the vaccinated group, only one out of seven exhibited a significant increase in antibody production.
Study Conclusion
- The study concluded that the Duvaxyn IE-T Plus vaccine effectively reduced clinical signs and virus shedding in ponies after they were challenged with the H3N8 EIV, two weeks post-second vaccination dose.
- This research sheds light on the potential of non-updated vaccines in reducing disease severity and transmission among horses, even in the context of new, divergent virus strains.
Cite This Article
APA
Paillot R, Prowse L, Donald C, Medcalf E, Montesso F, Bryant N, Watson J, Jeggo M, Elton D, Newton R, Trail P, Barnes H.
(2010).
Efficacy of a whole inactivated EI vaccine against a recent EIV outbreak isolate and comparative detection of virus shedding.
Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 136(3-4), 272-283.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.03.019 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Animal Health Trust, Centre for Preventive Medicine, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK. romain.paillot@aht.org.uk
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral / blood
- Australia / epidemiology
- Disease Outbreaks / veterinary
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / veterinary
- Horse Diseases / epidemiology
- Horse Diseases / immunology
- Horse Diseases / virology
- Horses
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / immunology
- Influenza Vaccines / immunology
- Influenza Vaccines / standards
- Japan / epidemiology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / epidemiology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / virology
- RNA, Viral / chemistry
- RNA, Viral / genetics
- ROC Curve
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / veterinary
- Vaccination / methods
- Vaccination / standards
- Vaccination / veterinary
- Vaccines, Inactivated / immunology
- Virus Shedding / immunology
Citations
This article has been cited 10 times.- El-Hage C, Hartley C, Savage C, Watson J, Gilkerson J, Paillot R. Assessment of Humoral and Long-Term Cell-Mediated Immune Responses to Recombinant Canarypox-Vectored Equine Influenza Virus Vaccination in Horses Using Conventional and Accelerated Regimens Respectively.. Vaccines (Basel) 2022 May 26;10(6).
- Thieulent CJ, Sutton G, Toquet MP, Fremaux S, Hue E, Fortier C, Pléau A, Deslis A, Abrioux S, Guitton E, Pronost S, Paillot R. Oral Administration of Valganciclovir Reduces Clinical Signs, Virus Shedding and Cell-Associated Viremia in Ponies Experimentally Infected with the Equid Herpesvirus-1 C(2254) Variant.. Pathogens 2022 May 4;11(5).
- Sutton G, Thieulent C, Fortier C, Hue ES, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Pléau A, Deslis A, Guitton E, Paillot R, Pronost S. Identification of a New Equid Herpesvirus 1 DNA Polymerase (ORF30) Genotype with the Isolation of a C(2254)/H(752) Strain in French Horses Showing no Major Impact on the Strain Behaviour.. Viruses 2020 Oct 13;12(10).
- Singh RK, Dhama K, Karthik K, Khandia R, Munjal A, Khurana SK, Chakraborty S, Malik YS, Virmani N, Singh R, Tripathi BN, Munir M, van der Kolk JH. A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies.. Front Microbiol 2018;9:1941.
- Paillot R, Garrett D, Lopez-Alvarez MR, Birand I, Montesso F, Horspool L. The Immunity Gap Challenge: Protection against a Recent Florida Clade 2 Equine Influenza Strain.. Vaccines (Basel) 2018 Jul 2;6(3).
- Paillot R, Marcillaud Pitel C, D'Ablon X, Pronost S. Equine Vaccines: How, When and Why? Report of the Vaccinology Session, French Equine Veterinarians Association, 2016, Reims.. Vaccines (Basel) 2017 Dec 4;5(4).
- Paillot R, Rash NL, Garrett D, Prowse-Davis L, Montesso F, Cullinane A, Lemaitre L, Thibault JC, Wittreck S, Dancer A. How to Meet the Last OIE Expert Surveillance Panel Recommendations on Equine Influenza (EI) Vaccine Composition: A Review of the Process Required for the Recombinant Canarypox-Based EI Vaccine.. Pathogens 2016 Nov 25;5(4).
- Paillot R, El-Hage CM. The Use of a Recombinant Canarypox-Based Equine Influenza Vaccine during the 2007 Australian Outbreak: A Systematic Review and Summary.. Pathogens 2016 Jun 10;5(2).
- Paillot R. A Systematic Review of Recent Advances in Equine Influenza Vaccination.. Vaccines (Basel) 2014 Nov 14;2(4):797-831.
- Galvin P, Gildea S, Arkins S, Walsh C, Cullinane A. The evaluation of a nucleoprotein ELISA for the detection of equine influenza antibodies and the differentiation of infected from vaccinated horses (DIVA).. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013 Dec;7 Suppl 4(Suppl 4):73-80.
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