FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Rec Open / Efficacy of oral Cynara scolymus and Silybum marianum on tox...
Veterinary record open2020; 7(1); e000416; doi: 10.1136/vetreco-2020-000416

Efficacy of oral Cynara scolymus and Silybum marianum on toxicity of imidocarb dipropionate in horses.

Abstract: Despite hepatotoxic effects, imidocarb dipropionate is the drug of choice for treatment of equine piroplasmosis. It is important, therefore, to identify adjuvant therapies that may improve the safety of imidocarb dipropionate by reducing the risk of liver damage during its use. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective and hepatoregulatory effects of treatment with and during administration of imidocarb dipropionate. Methods: Ten healthy horses, seroconverted to by C-ELISA, were treated with 5 mg/kg/day of imidocarb dipropionate for three consecutive days. The study population was divided into two groups. The control group did not receive any complementary treatments. The treated group received a daily oral supplement containing and for 30 days. Physical, haematological and histological examinations of hepatic fragments were performed. Results: All haematological values remained within normal range for the study population. Histological analysis revealed that treated group animals had 62 per cent less lobular inflammation, 55 per cent less pigment accumulation, 65 per cent less steatosis and 57 per cent less portal inflammation than control group animals, with an equivalent percentage of hydropic degeneration. Conclusions: and supplements resulted in beneficial hepatoprotective effects in horses treated with imidocarb dipropionate.
© British Veterinary Association 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. Published by BMJ.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2020-11-05 PubMed ID: 33178437PubMed Central: PMC7646365DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2020-000416Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigates the protective effects of Cynara scolymus and Silybum marianum on imidocarb dipropionate-induced liver toxicity in horses. These results indicate that these supplements can significantly reduce liver damage for horses treated with imidocarb dipropionate.

Methodology

  • The study was conducted on ten horses, which were already seroconverted by C-ELISA. Then they were treated with 5 mg/kg/day of imidocarb dipropionate for three consecutive days.
  • The horses were split into two groups – a control group that received no supplementary treatment and a treated group which was given a daily oral supplement of Cynara scolymus and Silybum marianum for 30 days.
  • Researchers performed physical, haematological and histological examinations of liver fragments to assess the impact of the treatments.

Results

  • All haematological values, which typically indicate overall health, remained within the normal range for all the horses in the study.
  • Upon examination of liver samples, researchers found that horses in the treated group had significantly less signs of liver damage compared to the control group. Specifically, the treated group showed 62% less lobular inflammation, 55% less pigment accumulation, 65% less steatosis (fat build-up in the liver) and 57% less portal inflammation.
  • The percentage of hydropic degeneration, a type of cell injury, was similar in both groups, implying that this was not affected by the supplement.

Conclusions

  • The results of the study suggest that Cynara scolymus and Silybum marianum supplements offer hepatoprotective (liver protective) effects in horses treated with imidocarb dipropionate.
  • This suggests that these supplements can be a useful adjuvant therapy, enhancing the safety and efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate treatment in horses.
  • The findings can lead to improved treatment protocols for equine piroplasmosis, reducing the risk of liver damage associated with current treatments.

Cite This Article

APA
Jaramillo FM, Piñeros DDV, Corrêa RR, Pogliani FC, Cogliati B, Baccarin RYA. (2020). Efficacy of oral Cynara scolymus and Silybum marianum on toxicity of imidocarb dipropionate in horses. Vet Rec Open, 7(1), e000416. https://doi.org/10.1136/vetreco-2020-000416

Publication

Veterinary record open
ISSN: 2052-6113
NlmUniqueID: 101653671
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 7
Issue: 1
Pages: e000416
PII: e000416

Researcher Affiliations

Jaramillo, Fernando Mosquera
  • Departamento de Clínica Médica, Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Piñeros, Diego Darley Velasquez
  • Departamento de Cirurgia, Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Corrêa, Rodrigo Romero
  • Departamento de Cirurgia, Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Pogliani, Fabio Celidonio
  • Departamento de Clínica Médica, Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Cogliati, Bruno
  • Departamento de Patologia, Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Baccarin, Raquel Yvonne Arantes
  • Departamento de Clínica Médica, Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Conflict of Interest Statement

Competing interests: None declared.

References

This article includes 42 references
  1. de Waal DT. Equine piroplasmosis: a review.. Br Vet J 1992 Jan-Feb;148(1):6-14.
    doi: 10.1016/0007-1935(92)90061-5pubmed: 1551016google scholar: lookup
  2. Pereira M de C. Efeitos do dipropionato de imidocarb sobre variáveis de desempenho, bioquímica sérica E hematologia em equinos puro sangue árabe portadores assintomáticos de Theileria equi. Universidade estadual paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho”, 2011.
  3. Uilenberg G. Babesia--a historical overview.. Vet Parasitol 2006 May 31;138(1-2):3-10.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.01.035pubmed: 16513280google scholar: lookup
  4. Thomassian A. Enfermidades DOS Cavalos. 4th ed Livraria Varela. São Paulo: Varela, 2005: 295–300.
  5. Belloli C, Crescenzo G, Lai O, Carofiglio V, Marang O, Ormas P. Pharmacokinetics of imidocarb dipropionate in horses after intramuscular administration.. Equine Vet J 2002 Sep;34(6):625-9.
    doi: 10.2746/042516402776180124pubmed: 12358005google scholar: lookup
  6. Cechinel Filho V, Yunes RA. Estratégias para a obtenção de compostos farmacologicamente ativos a partir de plantas medicinais: conceitos sobre modificação estrutural para otimização dA atividade. Quim Nova 1998;21:99–105.
    doi: 10.1590/S0100-40421998000100015google scholar: lookup
  7. Douglas Kinghorn A. Pharmacognosy in the 21st century.. J Pharm Pharmacol 2001 Feb;53(2):135-48.
    doi: 10.1211/0022357011775334pubmed: 11273009google scholar: lookup
  8. Capasso R, Izzo AA, Pinto L, Bifulco T, Vitobello C, Mascolo N. Phytotherapy and quality of herbal medicines.. Fitoterapia 2000 Aug;71 Suppl 1:S58-65.
    doi: 10.1016/S0367-326X(00)00173-8pubmed: 10930714google scholar: lookup
  9. Calixto JB. Efficacy, safety, quality control, marketing and regulatory guidelines for herbal medicines (phytotherapeutic agents).. Braz J Med Biol Res 2000 Feb;33(2):179-89.
    pubmed: 10657057doi: 10.1590/s0100-879x2000000200004google scholar: lookup
  10. Guimarães E. Desenvolvimento E validação de metodologia analítica para O controle químico dA qualidade de fitoterapicos a base de extrato seco de alcachofra. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Vigilância Sanitária Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde Fundação Oswaldo cruz, 2007.
  11. Salekzamani S, Ebrahimi-Mameghani M, Rezazadeh K. The antioxidant activity of artichoke (Cynara scolymus): A systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies.. Phytother Res 2019 Jan;33(1):55-71.
    doi: 10.1002/ptr.6213pubmed: 30345589google scholar: lookup
  12. Kaymaz MB, Kandemir FM, Pamukçu E. Effects of aqueous artichoke (Cynara scolymus) leaf extract on hepatic damage generated by Alpha-Amanitine. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 2016;6.
  13. Abdel-kader M, El-Sayed EM, Kassem SS. Protective and antioxidant effects of Cynara scolymus leaves against carbon tetrachloride toxicity in rats. Pharm Biol Chem Sci 2014;5:1373–80.
  14. Al- Ahdab MA. Protective effect of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) leaves and pulp extracts against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats. World Appl Sci J 2014;32:1004–14.
  15. Colak E, Ustuner MC, Tekin N, Colak E, Burukoglu D, Degirmenci I, Gunes HV. The hepatocurative effects of Cynara scolymus L. leaf extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress and hepatic injury in rats.. Springerplus 2016;5:216.
    doi: 10.1186/s40064-016-1894-1pmc: PMC4771653pubmed: 27026910google scholar: lookup
  16. El Morsy EM, Kamel R. Protective effect of artichoke leaf extract against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.. Pharm Biol 2015 Feb;53(2):167-73.
    doi: 10.3109/13880209.2014.913066pubmed: 25243875google scholar: lookup
  17. Tang X, Wei R, Deng A, Lei T. Protective Effects of Ethanolic Extracts from Artichoke, an Edible Herbal Medicine, against Acute Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury in Mice.. Nutrients 2017 Sep 11;9(9).
    doi: 10.3390/n邑000pmc: PMC5622760pubmed: 28891983google scholar: lookup
  18. El-Boshy M, Ashshi A, Gaith M, Qusty N, Bokhary T, AlTaweel N, Abdelhady M. Studies on the protective effect of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus) leaf extract against cadmium toxicity-induced oxidative stress, hepatorenal damage, and immunosuppressive and hematological disorders in rats.. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017 May;24(13):12372-12383.
    doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-8876-xpubmed: 28357802google scholar: lookup
  19. Abenavoli L, Izzo AA, Milić N, Cicala C, Santini A, Capasso R. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum): A concise overview on its chemistry, pharmacological, and nutraceutical uses in liver diseases.. Phytother Res 2018 Nov;32(11):2202-2213.
    doi: 10.1002/ptr.6171pubmed: 30080294google scholar: lookup
  20. Saller R, Brignoli R, Melzer J, Meier R. An updated systematic review with meta-analysis for the clinical evidence of silymarin.. Forsch Komplementmed 2008 Feb;15(1):9-20.
    doi: 10.1159/000113648pubmed: 18334810google scholar: lookup
  21. Sayyah M, Boostani H, Pakseresht S, Malayeri A. Comparison of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. with fluoxetine in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010 Mar 17;34(2):362-5.
    pubmed: 20035818doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.12.016google scholar: lookup
  22. Valenzuela A, Lagos C, Schmidt K, Videla LA. Silymarin protection against hepatic lipid peroxidation induced by acute ethanol intoxication in the rat.. Biochem Pharmacol 1985 Jun 15;34(12):2209-12.
    doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(85)90421-6pubmed: 4039940google scholar: lookup
  23. Serviddio G, Bellanti F, Stanca E, Lunetti P, Blonda M, Tamborra R, Siculella L, Vendemiale G, Capobianco L, Giudetti AM. Silybin exerts antioxidant effects and induces mitochondrial biogenesis in liver of rat with secondary biliary cirrhosis.. Free Radic Biol Med 2014 Aug;73:117-26.
    doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.05.002pubmed: 24819445google scholar: lookup
  24. Trakulsrichai S, Sriapha C, Tongpoo A, Udomsubpayakul U, Wongvisavakorn S, Srisuma S, Wananukul W. Clinical characteristics and outcome of toxicity from Amanita mushroom poisoning.. Int J Gen Med 2017;10:395-400.
    doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S141111pmc: PMC5679676pubmed: 29138589google scholar: lookup
  25. Schrieber SJ, Hawke RL, Wen Z, Smith PC, Reddy KR, Wahed AS, Belle SH, Afdhal NH, Navarro VJ, Meyers CM, Doo E, Fried MW. Differences in the disposition of silymarin between patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and chronic hepatitis C.. Drug Metab Dispos 2011 Dec;39(12):2182-90.
    doi: 10.1124/dmd.111.040212pmc: PMC3226378pubmed: 21865319google scholar: lookup
  26. Yang G, Zhao Y, Feng N. Improved dissolution and bioavailability of silymarin delivered by a solid dispersion prepared using supercritical fluids. Asian J Pharm Sci 2015;10:194–202.
  27. Bijak M. Silybin, a Major Bioactive Component of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaernt.)-Chemistry, Bioavailability, and Metabolism.. Molecules 2017 Nov 10;22(11).
    pmc: PMC6150307pubmed: 29125572doi: 10.3390/molecules22111942google scholar: lookup
  28. Correa R, Roncati N. Estudo dA eficácia terapêutica do Dipropionato de imidocarb no tratamento dA Piroplasmose equina. A Hora Veterinária 2005;144:53–8.
  29. De Medeiros MBA, De Souza FF, Nóbrega Neto PI. Técnica de biópsia hepática guiada pelo ultrassom em bezerros. Rev Educ Contin em Med Veterinária e Zootec do CRMV-SP 2002;5:94–9.
  30. De QDJ. Alterações clínicas e laboratoriais de equinos submetidos biópsia hepática com agulha tru-cut guiada por ultrassom. Universidade Estadual Paulista- UNESP, 2014.
  31. Templeton GF. A two-step approach for transforming continuous variables to normal: implications and recommendations for is research. Commun Assoc Inf Syst 2011;28:41–58.
  32. Walton RM. Equine clinical pathology. Wiley Blackwell, 201: 279.
  33. de QDJ, Dias DPM, Gravena K. Afecções Hepáticas em Equinos. Investigação 2016;15:14–18.
  34. Reed SM, Bayly WM, Sellon DC. Equine internal medicine. 4ed Missouri: Elsevier, 2010: 1566.
  35. Felício PRG. Métodos de diagnóstico de doença hepática em equinos. Universidade de Lisboa, 2018.
  36. Thrall MA, Weiser G, Allison RW. Hematologia E Bioquímica Clínica Veterinária. 2 ed Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2015: 349–60.
  37. Dunkel B, Jones SA, Pinilla MJ, Foote AK. Serum bile acid concentrations, histopathological features, and short-, and long-term survival in horses with hepatic disease.. J Vet Intern Med 2015 Mar-Apr;29(2):644-50.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.12551pmc: PMC4895510pubmed: 25818219google scholar: lookup
  38. Davoudi SM, Eshagian M, EdalatiNasab M. Overview of hepatic disease in small animals. Adv Biores 2015;4:12–20.
  39. Bergero D, Nery J. Hepatic diseases in horses.. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2008 Jun;92(3):345-55.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00798.xpubmed: 18477316google scholar: lookup
  40. McGavin MD, Zachary JF. Bases dA Patologia em Veterinária. 4th ed Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, 2009: 1493.
  41. De Lemos HPJ, De Lemos AAL. Alcachofra. Diagnóstico Trat 2012;17:59–61.
  42. Hackett ES, Twedt DC, Gustafson DL. Hepatic disease of horses in the Western United States. J Equine Vet Sci 2016;45:32–8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.04.012google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Wang H, Chen C, Liu M, Chen X, Liu C, Feng Y, Yan X, Liu Y, Li X. Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of two imidocarb formulations in cattle after subcutaneous injection.. PLoS One 2022;17(6):e0270130.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270130pubmed: 35749453google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.