FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Biomed Res Int / Enteric Pathogens and Coinfections in Foals with and without...
BioMed research international2016; 2016; 1512690; doi: 10.1155/2016/1512690

Enteric Pathogens and Coinfections in Foals with and without Diarrhea.

Abstract: Diarrhea is a major clinical problem affecting foals up to 3 months of age. The aim of this study was to identify enteric microorganisms involved in monoinfections and coinfections and the associated virulence factors in healthy and diarrheic foals. Diarrheic (D) ( = 56) and nondiarrheic (ND) foals ( = 60) up to three months of age were studied. Fecal samples were analyzed for identification of infectious agents (microbiological culturing, molecular techniques, and microscopic analyses). (30% versus 25%), spp. (25% versus 7%), (25% versus 25%), type A (21% versus 10%), (20% versus 35%), (11% versus 18%), and -positive (5% versus 2%) were the most frequent enteric pathogens detected in D and ND foals, respectively. The frequency of toxin A-positive was significantly increased in the D ( = 0.033) compared with the ND animals. strains harboring virulent plasmids were also identified (VapA 85-kb type I and VapA 87-kb type I) in D and ND foals. Coinfections were observed in 46% of the D and 33% of the ND foals. Our results demonstrate the great diversity of enteric pathogens, virulence factors, and coinfections involved in enteric infections of foals.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2016-12-27 PubMed ID: 28116290PubMed Central: PMC5223019DOI: 10.1155/2016/1512690Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article explores the different types of bacteria and organisms that are present in foals (young horses) with and without diarrhea. It aims to understand if there’s a link between these intestinal microorganisms and the occurrence of diarrhea in foals up to 3 months old.

Objective of the Study

  • The study aims to identify a range of enteric microorganisms that cause infections on their own or in conjunction with other organisms in both healthy and diarrheic foals. The study also explores the associated virulence factors — properties that enable the organisms to establish themselves on or within a host of a particular species, survive in that host, and cause damage to the host.

Methodology

  • The study involved 56 diarrheic (D) and 60 non-diarrheic (ND) foals, all of which were aged up to three months.
  • Fecal samples were collected and studied. The samples were used to identify infectious agents through a range of techniques including microbiological culturing, molecular techniques, and microscopic analyses.

Results

  • The most frequent enteric pathogens detected in D and ND foals differed. A significant increase was observed in the frequency of toxin A-positive organisms in D foals compared to ND ones.
  • Other strains of bacteria possessing virulent plasmids were also identified in both D and ND foals.
  • It was noticed that about 46% of D foals and 33% of ND foals had co-infections, indicating the presence of multiple pathogens.

Conclusion

  • The investigation reveals a vast diversity of enteric pathogens, their virulence factors, and coinfections responsible for intestinal infections in foals.
  • Understanding these elements is crucial to developing effective preventive and therapeutic strategies to manage diarrhea and other intestinal infections in young horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Olivo G, Lucas TM, Borges AS, Silva RO, Lobato FC, Siqueira AK, da Silva Leite D, Brandão PE, Gregori F, de Oliveira-Filho JP, Takai S, Ribeiro MG. (2016). Enteric Pathogens and Coinfections in Foals with and without Diarrhea. Biomed Res Int, 2016, 1512690. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1512690

Publication

BioMed research international
ISSN: 2314-6141
NlmUniqueID: 101600173
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 2016
Pages: 1512690
PII: 1512690

Researcher Affiliations

Olivo, Giovane
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
Lucas, Thays Mizuki
  • Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
Borges, Alexandre Secorun
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
Silva, Rodrigo Otávio Silveira
  • Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
Lobato, Francisco Carlos Faria
  • Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
Siqueira, Amanda Keller
  • Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Campinas State University (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
da Silva Leite, Domingos
  • Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Campinas State University (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
Brandão, Paulo Eduardo
  • Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Gregori, Fábio
  • Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
de Oliveira-Filho, José Paes
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
Takai, Shinji
  • Department of Animal Hygiene, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan.
Ribeiro, Márcio Garcia
  • Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Diarrhea / microbiology
  • Diarrhea / parasitology
  • Diarrhea / veterinary
  • Dysentery / microbiology
  • Dysentery / parasitology
  • Dysentery / virology
  • Female
  • Horse Diseases / microbiology
  • Horse Diseases / parasitology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Male

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors disclose that there is no conflict of interests with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

References

This article includes 66 references
  1. Frederick J, Giguère S, Sanchez LC. Infectious agents detected in the feces of diarrheic foals: a retrospective study of 233 cases (2003-2008).. J Vet Intern Med 2009 Nov-Dec;23(6):1254-60.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0383.xpmc: PMC7166729pubmed: 19747192google scholar: lookup
  2. Holland RE, Sriranganathan N, DuPont L. Isolation of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli from a foal with diarrhea.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989 Feb 1;194(3):389-91.
    pubmed: 2563724
  3. Magdesian KG. Neonatal foal diarrhea.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2005 Aug;21(2):295-312, vi.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2005.04.009pmc: PMC7135406pubmed: 16051051google scholar: lookup
  4. Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, Constable PD. Acute diarrhea in suckling foals. 2007;pp. 274–277.
  5. Slovis NM, Elam J, Estrada M, Thao MF, Leutenegger CM. Comprehensive analysis of infectious agents associated with diarrhea in foals in central Kentucky. Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the AAEP December 2010; Baltimore, Md, USA.
  6. Browning GF, Chalmers RM, Snodgrass DR, Batt RM, Hart CA, Ormarod SE, Leadon D, Stoneham SJ, Rossdale PD. The prevalence of enteric pathogens in diarrhoeic thoroughbred foals in Britain and Ireland.. Equine Vet J 1991 Nov;23(6):405-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1991.tb03751.xpmc: PMC7185455pubmed: 1663866google scholar: lookup
  7. Slovis NM, Elam J, Estrada M, Leutenegger CM. Infectious agents associated with diarrhoea in neonatal foals in central Kentucky: a comprehensive molecular study.. Equine Vet J 2014 May;46(3):311-6.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12119pmc: PMC7163618pubmed: 23773143google scholar: lookup
  8. Grinberg A, Pomroy WE, Carslake HB, Shi Y, Gibson IR, Drayton BM. A study of neonatal cryptosporidiosis of foals in New Zealand.. N Z Vet J 2009 Oct;57(5):284-9.
    doi: 10.1080/00480169.2009.58622pubmed: 19802042google scholar: lookup
  9. Majewska AC, Solarczyk P, Tamang L, Graczyk TK. Equine Cryptosporidium parvum infections in western Poland.. Parasitol Res 2004 Jul;93(4):274-8.
    pubmed: 15156396doi: 10.1007/s00436-004-1111-ygoogle scholar: lookup
  10. Ntafis V, Fragkiadaki E, Xylouri E, Omirou A, Lavazza A, Martella V. Rotavirus-associated diarrhoea in foals in Greece.. Vet Microbiol 2010 Aug 26;144(3-4):461-5.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.01.020pubmed: 20197218google scholar: lookup
  11. Silva RO, Ribeiro MG, Palhares MS, Borges AS, Maranhão RP, Silva MX, Lucas TM, Olivo G, Lobato FC. Detection of A/B toxin and isolation of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens from foals.. Equine Vet J 2013 Nov;45(6):671-5.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12046pubmed: 23452044google scholar: lookup
  12. Guimarães-Ladeira CV, Palhares MS, Oliveira JS, Ramirez MA, Guedes RM. Faecal shedding and serological cross-sectional study of Lawsonia intracellularis in horses in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.. Equine Vet J 2009 Jul;41(6):593-6.
    doi: 10.2746/042516409x407639pubmed: 19803056google scholar: lookup
  13. Harris R, Sankar K, Small JA, Suepaul R, Stewart-Johnson A, Adesiyun A. Prevalence and characteristics of enteric pathogens detected in diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic foals in trinidad.. Vet Med Int 2012;2012:724959.
    doi: 10.1155/2012/724959pmc: PMC3388383pubmed: 22792513google scholar: lookup
  14. Wohlfender FD, Barrelet FE, Doherr MG, Straub R, Meier HP. Diseases in neonatal foals. Part 2: potential risk factors for a higher incidence of infectious diseases during the first 30 days post partum.. Equine Vet J 2009 Feb;41(2):186-91.
    doi: 10.2746/042516408x345143pubmed: 19418749google scholar: lookup
  15. de Fombelle A, Varloud M, Goachet A-G. Characterization of the microbial and biochemical profile of the different segments of the digestive tract in horses given two distinct diets. British Society of Animal Science 2003;77(2):293–304.
  16. Mackie RI, Wilkins CA. Enumeration of anaerobic bacterial microflora of the equine gastrointestinal tract.. Appl Environ Microbiol 1988 Sep;54(9):2155-60.
    pmc: PMC202828pubmed: 3190223doi: 10.1128/aem.54.9.2155-2160.1988google scholar: lookup
  17. Sellon DC, Long M. Gastrointestinal and peritoneal infections. 2007;pp. 39–46.
  18. Acha P. N., Szyfres B. Zoonosis y Enfermidades Transmissibles Comunes al Hombre y los Animales. 3rd. Washington, DC, USA: Organización Panamericana de la Salud; 2003.
  19. Koterba A. M. Equine Clinical Neonatology. 3rd. Philadelphia, Pa, USA: Lea & Feblger; 1990.
  20. McAuliffe S., Slovis N. Color Atlas of Diseases and Disorders of the Foal. 1st. St. Louis, Mo, USA: WB Saunders; 2008.
  21. Radostits O., Mayhew I., Houston D. Veterinary Clinical Examination and Diagnosis. 2nd. London, UK: W.B. Saunders; 2000.
  22. Popoff M. Y., Minnor L. L. Formules Antigéniques dês Serovars de Salmonella. Paris, France: WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella; 1992.
  23. Muscatello G, Gilkerson JR, Browning GF. Comparison of two selective media for the recovery, isolation, enumeration and differentiation of Rhodococcus equi.. Vet Microbiol 2007 Jan 31;119(2-4):324-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.08.022pubmed: 17084043google scholar: lookup
  24. Quinn P. J., Markey B. K., Donnelly W. J., Leonard F. C., Fanning S., Maguire D. Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing House Science LTDA; 2011.
  25. Keyburn AL, Boyce JD, Vaz P, Bannam TL, Ford ME, Parker D, Di Rubbo A, Rood JI, Moore RJ. NetB, a new toxin that is associated with avian necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens.. PLoS Pathog 2008 Feb 8;4(2):e26.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0040026pmc: PMC2233674pubmed: 18266469google scholar: lookup
  26. Vieira AAS, Guedes RMC, Salvarani FM, Silva ROS, Assis RA, Lobato FCF. Genotipagem de Clostridium perfringens isolados de leitões diarréicos. Arquivos do Instituto Biológico 2008;75:513–516.
  27. SAS Institute. SAS/STAT User's Guide. Version 9.3. Cary, NC, USA: SAS Institute; 2004.
  28. Siqueira AK, Ribeiro MG, Leite Dda S, Tiba MR, Moura Cd, Lopes MD, Prestes NC, Salerno T, Silva AV. Virulence factors in Escherichia coli strains isolated from urinary tract infection and pyometra cases and from feces of healthy dogs.. Res Vet Sci 2009 Apr;86(2):206-10.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.07.018pubmed: 18783807google scholar: lookup
  29. Takai S, Tharavichitkul P, Takarn P, Khantawa B, Tamura M, Tsukamoto A, Takayama S, Yamatoda N, Kimura A, Sasaki Y, Kakuda T, Tsubaki S, Maneekarn N, Sirisanthana T, Kirikae T. Molecular epidemiology of Rhodococcus equi of intermediate virulence isolated from patients with and without acquired immune deficiency syndrome in Chiang Mai, Thailand.. J Infect Dis 2003 Dec 1;188(11):1717-23.
    doi: 10.1086/379739pubmed: 14639543google scholar: lookup
  30. Takai S, Ikeda T, Sasaki Y, Watanabe Y, Ozawa T, Tsubaki S, Sekizaki T. Identification of virulent Rhodococcus equi by amplification of gene coding for 15- to 17-kilodalton antigens.. J Clin Microbiol 1995 Jun;33(6):1624-7.
    pmc: PMC228228pubmed: 7650199doi: 10.1128/jcm.33.6.1624-1627.1995google scholar: lookup
  31. Takai S, Fukunaga N, Ochiai S, Imai Y, Sasaki Y, Tsubaki S, Sekizaki T. Identification of intermediately virulent Rhodococcus equi isolates from pigs.. J Clin Microbiol 1996 Apr;34(4):1034-7.
    pmc: PMC228949pubmed: 8815079doi: 10.1128/jcm.34.4.1034-1037.1996google scholar: lookup
  32. van den Berg RJ, Bruijnesteijn van Coppenraet LS, Gerritsen HJ, Endtz HP, van der Vorm ER, Kuijper EJ. Prospective multicenter evaluation of a new immunoassay and real-time PCR for rapid diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients.. J Clin Microbiol 2005 Oct;43(10):5338-40.
    doi: 10.1128/jcm.43.10.5338-5340.2005pmc: PMC1248461pubmed: 16208012google scholar: lookup
  33. Pereira HG, Azeredo RS, Leite JP, Candeias JA, Rácz ML, Linhares AC, Gabbay YB, Trabulsi JR. Electrophoretic study of the genome of human rotaviruses from Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Pará, Brazil.. J Hyg (Lond) 1983 Feb;90(1):117-25.
    doi: 10.1017/s0022172400063919pmc: PMC2134184pubmed: 6296228google scholar: lookup
  34. Brandão PE, Gregori F, Villareal LY, Rosales CA, Soares RM, Jerez JA. A nested polymerase chain reaction test for bovine coronavirus diagnosis based on the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase gene. VIRUS Reviews & Research 2005;10(1):45–49.
    doi: 10.17525/vrrjournal.v10i1.239google scholar: lookup
  35. Herring AJ, Inglis NF, Ojeh CK, Snodgrass DR, Menzies JD. Rapid diagnosis of rotavirus infection by direct detection of viral nucleic acid in silver-stained polyacrylamide gels.. J Clin Microbiol 1982 Sep;16(3):473-7.
    pmc: PMC272392pubmed: 6182158doi: 10.1128/jcm.16.3.473-477.1982google scholar: lookup
  36. Silva FM, Lopes RS, Araújo-Junior JP. Identification of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in dairy cattle in Brazil.. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2013 Jan-Mar;22(1):22-8.
    doi: 10.1590/s1984-29612013005000010pubmed: 23538500google scholar: lookup
  37. Xiao L, Singh A, Limor J, Graczyk TK, Gradus S, Lal A. Molecular characterization of cryptosporidium oocysts in samples of raw surface water and wastewater.. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001 Mar;67(3):1097-101.
    doi: 10.1128/aem.67.3.1097-1101.2001pmc: PMC92700pubmed: 11229897google scholar: lookup
  38. McGlade TR, Robertson ID, Elliot AD, Thompson RC. High prevalence of Giardia detected in cats by PCR.. Vet Parasitol 2003 Jan 2;110(3-4):197-205.
    doi: 10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00322-9pubmed: 12482648google scholar: lookup
  39. Read C, Walters J, Robertson ID, Thompson RC. Correlation between genotype of Giardia duodenalis and diarrhoea.. Int J Parasitol 2002 Feb;32(2):229-31.
    doi: 10.1016/S0020-7519(01)00340-Xpubmed: 11812501google scholar: lookup
  40. Holland RE, Schmidt A, Sriranganathan N, Grimes SD, Wilson RA, Brown CM, Walker RD. Characterization of Escherichia coli isolated from foals.. Vet Microbiol 1996 Feb;48(3-4):243-55.
    doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(95)00162-xpubmed: 9054121google scholar: lookup
  41. Gordon HML, Whitlock HV. A new technique for counting nematode eggs in sheep faeces. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research 1939;12(1):50–52.
  42. Brommer H, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM, Kessels B. Haematological and blood biochemical characteristics of Dutch warmblood foals managed under three different rearing conditions from birth to 5 months of age.. Vet Q 2001 Apr;23(2):92-5.
    doi: 10.1080/01652176.2001.9695090pubmed: 11361107google scholar: lookup
  43. Borer KE, Corley KTT. Electrolyte disorders in horses with colic. Part 1: potassium and magnesium. Equine Veterinary Education 2006;18(5):266–271.
  44. East LM, Savage CJ, Traub-Dargatz JL, Dickinson CE, Ellis RP. Enterocolitis associated with Clostridium perfringens infection in neonatal foals: 54 cases (1988-1997).. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998 Jun 1;212(11):1751-6.
    pubmed: 9621884
  45. Båverud V. Clostridium difficile diarrhea: infection control in horses.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2004 Dec;20(3):615-30.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2004.07.005pubmed: 15519822google scholar: lookup
  46. van Duijkeren E, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM, Houwers DJ, van Leeuwen WJ, Kalsbeek HC. Equine salmonellosis in a Dutch veterinary teaching hospital.. Vet Rec 1994 Sep 10;135(11):248-50.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.135.11.248pubmed: 7810046google scholar: lookup
  47. Diab SS, Kinde H, Moore J, Shahriar MF, Odani J, Anthenill L, Songer G, Uzal FA. Pathology of Clostridium perfringens type C enterotoxemia in horses.. Vet Pathol 2012 Mar;49(2):255-63.
    doi: 10.1177/0300985811404710pubmed: 21502373google scholar: lookup
  48. Netherwood T, Wood JL, Townsend HG, Mumford JA, Chanter N. Foal diarrhoea between 1991 and 1994 in the United Kingdom associated with Clostridium perfringens, rotavirus, Strongyloides westeri and Cryptosporidium spp.. Epidemiol Infect 1996 Oct;117(2):375-83.
    doi: 10.1017/s0950268800001564pmc: PMC2271710pubmed: 8870636google scholar: lookup
  49. Weese JS, Staempfli HR, Prescott JF. A prospective study of the roles of clostridium difficile and enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens in equine diarrhoea.. Equine Vet J 2001 Jul;33(4):403-9.
    pubmed: 11469775doi: 10.2746/042516401776249534google scholar: lookup
  50. Gohari IM, Arroyo L, Macinnes JI, Timoney JF, Parreira VR, Prescott JF. Characterization of Clostridium perfringens in the feces of adult horses and foals with acute enterocolitis.. Can J Vet Res 2014 Jan;78(1):1-7.
    pmc: PMC3878003pubmed: 24396174
  51. Hazlett MJ, Kircanski J, Slavic D, Prescott JF. Beta 2 toxigenic Clostridium perfringens type A colitis in a three-day-old foal.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011 Mar;23(2):373-6.
    doi: 10.1177/104063871102300232pubmed: 21398467google scholar: lookup
  52. Sellon D. C., Long M. T. Equine Infectious Diseases. St. Louis, Mo, USA: Sanders Elsevier; 2007.
  53. Walker RL, Madigan JE, Hird DW, Case JT, Villanueva MR, Bogenrief DS. An outbreak of equine neonatal salmonellosis.. J Vet Diagn Invest 1991 Jul;3(3):223-7.
    pubmed: 1911993doi: 10.1177/104063879100300307google scholar: lookup
  54. Ribeiro MG, Fernandes MC, Paes AC, Siqueira AK, Pinto JP, Borges AS. Caracterização de sorotipos em linhagens do gênero Salmonella isoladas de diferentes afecções em animais domésticos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 2010;30(2):155–160.
    doi: 10.1590/s0100-736x2010000200010google scholar: lookup
  55. Takai S. Epidemiology of Rhodococcus equi infections: a review.. Vet Microbiol 1997 Jun 16;56(3-4):167-76.
    doi: 10.1016/s0378-1135(97)00085-0pubmed: 9226831google scholar: lookup
  56. Lüthje P, Brauner A. Ag43 promotes persistence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates in the urinary tract.. J Clin Microbiol 2010 Jun;48(6):2316-7.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.00611-10pmc: PMC2884464pubmed: 20357219google scholar: lookup
  57. Kaper JB, Nataro JP, Mobley HL. Pathogenic Escherichia coli.. Nat Rev Microbiol 2004 Feb;2(2):123-40.
    doi: 10.1038/nrmicro818pubmed: 15040260google scholar: lookup
  58. Prescott JF. Rhodococcus equi: an animal and human pathogen.. Clin Microbiol Rev 1991 Jan;4(1):20-34.
    doi: 10.1128/cmr.4.1.20pmc: PMC358176pubmed: 2004346google scholar: lookup
  59. Ribeiro MG, Seki I, Yasuoka K, Kakuda T, Sasaki Y, Tsubaki S, Takai S. Molecular epidemiology of virulent Rhodococcus equi from foals in Brazil: virulence plasmids of 85-kb type I, 87-kb type I, and a new variant, 87-kb type III.. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2005 Jan;28(1):53-61.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2004.07.001pubmed: 15563953google scholar: lookup
  60. von Bargen K, Haas A. Molecular and infection biology of the horse pathogen Rhodococcus equi.. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2009 Sep;33(5):870-91.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00181.xpubmed: 19453748google scholar: lookup
  61. Pusterla N, Gebhart C. Equine proliferative enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis. Equine Veterinary Education 2009;21(8):415–419.
    doi: 10.2746/095777309x453119google scholar: lookup
  62. Dwyer RM. Equine Rotavirus. Equine Infectious Diseases 2007:181–183.
    doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-2406-4.50022-3google scholar: lookup
  63. Rácz ML, Munford V, Fernandes MJB, Kroeff SS, Kotait I. Identification, propagation and subgroup characterization of an equine rotavirus isolated in Säo Paulo, Brazil. Revista de Microbiologia 1993;24(3):161–165.
  64. Burton AJ, Nydam DV, Dearen TK, Mitchell K, Bowman DD, Xiao L. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium, and identification of the Cryptosporidium horse genotype in foals in New York State.. Vet Parasitol 2010 Nov 24;174(1-2):139-44.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.08.019pubmed: 20932647google scholar: lookup
  65. Ryan U, Paparini A, Monis P, Hijjawi N. It's official - Cryptosporidium is a gregarine: What are the implications for the water industry?. Water Res 2016 Nov 15;105:305-313.
    doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.013pubmed: 27639055google scholar: lookup
  66. Dallap Schaer BL, Aceto H, Rankin SC. Outbreak of salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Newport MDR-AmpC in a large animal veterinary teaching hospital.. J Vet Intern Med 2010 Sep-Oct;24(5):1138-46.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0546.xpubmed: 20584143google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 13 times.
  1. Ribeiro MG, Pereira TT, de Lima Paz PJ, de Almeida BO, Cerviño CSA, Rodrigues CA, Santos GTS, de Souza Freire LM, Portilho FVR, Filho MFÁ, Paschoal NR, Bello TS, Megid J, Langoni H, Appolinário CM, Borges AS, Amorim RM, Giuffrida R, de Oliveira Filho JP, Siqueira AK, Listoni FJP, Paes AC. Bacterial identification in cerebrospinal fluid of domestic species with neurologic signs: a retrospective case-series study in 136 animals (2005-2021). Braz J Microbiol 2023 Mar;54(1):449-457.
    doi: 10.1007/s42770-022-00891-2pubmed: 36571673google scholar: lookup
  2. Ribeiro MG, de Morais ABC, Alves AC, Bolaños CAD, de Paula CL, Portilho FVR, de Nardi Júnior G, Lara GHB, de Souza Araújo Martins L, Moraes LS, Risseti RM, Guerra ST, Bello TS, Siqueira AK, Bertolini AB, Rodrigues CA, Paschoal NR, de Almeida BO, Listoni FJP, Sánchez LFG, Paes AC. Klebsiella-induced infections in domestic species: a case-series study in 697 animals (1997-2019). Braz J Microbiol 2022 Mar;53(1):455-464.
    doi: 10.1007/s42770-021-00667-0pubmed: 35018603google scholar: lookup
  3. Kopper JJ, Willette JA, Kogan CJ, Seguin A, Bolin SR, Schott HC 2nd. Detection of pathogens in blood or feces of adult horses with enteric disease and association with outcome of colitis. J Vet Intern Med 2021 Sep;35(5):2465-2472.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16238pubmed: 34382708google scholar: lookup
  4. Webale MK, Wanjala C, Guyah B, Shaviya N, Munyekenye GO, Nyanga PL, Marwa IN, Kagoiyo S, Wangai LN, Webale SK, Kamau K, Kitungulu N. Epidemiological patterns and antimicrobial resistance of bacterial diarrhea among children in Nairobi City, Kenya. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench 2020 Summer;13(3):238-246.
    pubmed: 32821354
  5. Mehdizadeh Gohari I, Unterer S, Whitehead AE, Prescott JF. NetF-producing Clostridium perfringens and its associated diseases in dogs and foals. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020 Mar;32(2):230-238.
    doi: 10.1177/1040638720904714pubmed: 32081091google scholar: lookup
  6. Shnaiderman-Torban A, Paitan Y, Arielly H, Kondratyeva K, Tirosh-Levy S, Abells-Sutton G, Navon-Venezia S, Steinman A. Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Hospitalized Neonatal Foals: Prevalence, Risk Factors for Shedding and Association with Infection. Animals (Basel) 2019 Aug 23;9(9).
    doi: 10.3390/ani9090600pubmed: 31450865google scholar: lookup
  7. Oliver-Espinosa O. Foal Diarrhea: Established and Postulated Causes, Prevention, Diagnostics, and Treatments. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2018 Apr;34(1):55-68.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2017.11.003pubmed: 29395727google scholar: lookup
  8. Mathias F, Kabri Y, Okdah L, Di Giorgio C, Rolain JM, Spitz C, Crozet MD, Vanelle P. An Efficient One-Pot Catalyzed Synthesis of 2,4-Disubstituted 5-Nitroimidazoles Displaying Antiparasitic and Antibacterial Activities. Molecules 2017 Aug 3;22(8).
    doi: 10.3390/molecules22081278pubmed: 28771219google scholar: lookup
  9. Vilela VLR, Feitosa TF, Silva WI, Katzer F. Cryptosporidium spp. in livestock in Brazil: An underestimated threat to animal and human health. Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis 2025;8:100312.
    doi: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100312pubmed: 40918222google scholar: lookup
  10. Basso RM, Cerri FM, Possebon FS, Braga PRC, Casas MRT, Oliveira-Filho JP, Araújo Júnior JP, Ribeiro MG, Arroyo LG, Borges AS. Whole-genome sequencing of Salmonella serovars isolated from diarrheic and non-diarrheic foals. J Vet Diagn Invest 2025 Mar;37(2):363-366.
    doi: 10.1177/10406387251316314pubmed: 39930357google scholar: lookup
  11. Shi Y, Maga EA, Mienaltowski MJ. Fecal microbiota changes associated with pathogenic and non-pathogenic diarrheas in foals. BMC Res Notes 2025 Jan 23;18(1):34.
    doi: 10.1186/s13104-025-07110-9pubmed: 39849534google scholar: lookup
  12. Ribeiro MG, da Silva Ribeiro AB, da Silva ABM, Mariano GHG, de Sá Teles Bertunes L, Portilho FVR, Filho MFA, Bello TS, Meira J, de Lima Paz PJ, Siqueira AK, Motta RG, de Souza Araújo Martins Motta L, Bertolini AB, Giuffrida R, Casteleti AG, Listoni FJP, Paes AC. Peritonitis-related bacterial infections: a large-scale case-series retrospective study in 160 domestic animals (2009-2022). Braz J Microbiol 2024 Dec;55(4):4205-4217.
    doi: 10.1007/s42770-024-01551-3pubmed: 39477882google scholar: lookup
  13. Samir A, Abdel-Moein KA, Zaher HM. Predominance of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli among ESBL/plasmid-mediated AmpC-producing strains isolated from diarrheic foals: a public health concern. Acta Vet Scand 2024 Oct 3;66(1):54.
    doi: 10.1186/s13028-024-00774-6pubmed: 39363309google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.