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Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2026; 16(5); 712; doi: 10.3390/ani16050712

Environmental Occurrence of Potentially Pathogenic Bacteria in the Equine Anesthetic Induction and Recovery Box: A Single-Center Study.

Abstract: In horses, surgical site infections (SSIs) are multifactorial complications influenced by patient-related, procedural, and environmental factors. While perioperative contamination has been extensively studied in the operating theater, the anesthetic induction and recovery environment has received limited attention. The aim of this study was to characterize bacterial contamination within an equine anesthetic induction and recovery stall and to evaluate its spatial and temporal distribution. Environmental samples were collected from four predefined locations within the stall at three time points: before patient admission, after recovery from general anesthesia, and after routine cleaning and disinfection. Samples were analyzed using standard aerobic culture techniques, and bacterial species were identified. Bacterial contamination was detected at all sampling locations and time points. Contamination increased significantly after recovery from general anesthesia and was most pronounced in areas associated with moisture retention, such as the groove between floor tiles. The bacterial species identified were predominantly opportunistic environmental organisms. No direct association between environmental contamination and surgical site infections could be established. However, the constant presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria indicates that the anesthetic induction and recovery stall represents a relevant component of the perioperative environment. These findings support the inclusion of the recovery area in infection control strategies aimed at reducing perioperative risk in equine surgical patients.
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Publication Date: 2026-02-25 PubMed ID: 41828928PubMed Central: PMC12983972DOI: 10.3390/ani16050712Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study investigated the presence and distribution of potentially pathogenic bacteria in the anesthetic induction and recovery stall used for horses during surgery.
  • It aimed to understand how bacterial contamination varies before, during, and after surgical procedures to improve infection control practices in equine surgery settings.

Background and Importance

  • Horses undergoing surgery can develop surgical site infections (SSIs), which are influenced by various factors including patient health, surgical procedures, and the environment.
  • While operating rooms have been studied extensively for bacterial contamination, less is known about the anesthesia induction and recovery stalls where horses spend critical perioperative time.
  • Recognizing that these areas could contribute to infection risk, this study aimed to fill that knowledge gap by characterizing bacterial presence and distribution in these stalls.

Study Design and Methods

  • Environmental sampling was conducted in a single equine hospital’s anesthetic induction and recovery stall.
  • Four specific locations within the stall were predefined for sample collection to standardize spatial analysis.
  • Samples were taken at three distinct time points:
    • Before a horse was admitted to the stall (baseline contamination).
    • After the horse recovered from general anesthesia (post-procedure contamination).
    • After routine cleaning and disinfection of the stall (effect of cleaning).
  • Standard aerobic culture techniques were used for bacterial isolation.
  • Identified bacteria were genotyped to determine species and potential pathogenicity.

Key Findings

  • Bacterial contamination was found at all sample locations and at every time point, demonstrating persistent environmental bacterial presence.
  • The level of contamination increased significantly after horse recovery, indicating that the presence of animals and surgical procedures contribute to increased bacterial loads.
  • Moist areas, such as grooves between floor tiles, had the highest concentrations of bacteria, suggesting these niches support bacterial growth.
  • The majority of bacteria identified were opportunistic environmental organisms rather than primary pathogens, which can still cause infections under certain conditions.
  • There was no direct evidence linking the environmental bacterial contamination to clinical surgical site infections in horses from this data alone.

Implications and Conclusions

  • The anesthetic induction and recovery stall is a relevant environmental source of potentially pathogenic bacteria in the perioperative period.
  • Current infection control strategies should not only focus on the operating room but also include the recovery environment to reduce overall perioperative infection risk.
  • Routine cleaning and disinfection reduce bacterial contamination but may not completely eliminate bacterial presence, especially in moisture-retentive areas, emphasizing the need for targeted cleaning protocols.
  • Further research could explore specific links between environmental contamination and clinical infections, and test interventions to minimize bacterial loads.

Overall Significance

  • This study contributes to a better understanding of how the environment surrounding equine surgery patients harbors bacteria that could influence infection risk.
  • It encourages veterinary clinics to broaden infection control measures to include anesthetic induction and recovery areas, potentially improving surgical outcomes in horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Rinnovati R, Meistro F, Ralletti MV, D'Angelo P, Spadari A, Zingariello E, Pollera C, Stancampiano L. (2026). Environmental Occurrence of Potentially Pathogenic Bacteria in the Equine Anesthetic Induction and Recovery Box: A Single-Center Study. Animals (Basel), 16(5), 712. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16050712

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 16
Issue: 5
PII: 712

Researcher Affiliations

Rinnovati, Riccardo
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.
Meistro, Federica
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.
Ralletti, Maria Virginia
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.
D'Angelo, Paola
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.
Spadari, Alessandro
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.
Zingariello, Edoardo
  • Burren Veterinary Clinic (BurrenVets), Circular Road, Ennistymon, V95 H6XD Co. Clare, Ireland.
Pollera, Claudia
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, MI, Italy.
Stancampiano, Laura
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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