FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / BMC Vet Res / Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injuries in a population of ...
BMC veterinary research2014; 10; 11; doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-11

Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injuries in a population of harness Standardbred racehorses in training.

Abstract: There is a substantial paucity of studies concerning musculoskeletal injuries in harness Standardbred racehorses. Specifically, little is known about the epidemiology of exercise-related musculoskeletal injuries. Most studies on this subject involve Thoroughbred racehorses, whose biomechanics and racing speed differ from Standardbred, making comparisons difficult. Here, a population of Standardbred racehorses trained at the same racecourse was studied over four years and a classification system for exercise-related musculoskeletal injuries was designed. The incidence rates of musculoskeletal injuries causing horses' withdrawal from training for 15 days or longer were investigated. A mixed-effects Poisson regression model was used to estimate musculoskeletal injury rates and to describe significance of selected risk factors for exercise-related injuries in this population. Results: A total of 356 trotter racehorses from 10 different stables contributed 8961 months at risk of musculoskeletal injuries. Four-hundred-and-twenty-nine injuries were reported and classified into 16 categories, based on their aetiology and anatomical localisation. The overall exercise-related injury rate was 4.79 per 100 horse months. When considering risk factors one by one in separate univariable analyses, we obtained the following results: rates did not differ significantly between genders and classes of age, whereas one driver seemed to cause fewer injuries than the others. Racing speed and racing intensity, as well as recent medical history, seemed to be significant risk factors (p < 0.001), while being shod or unshod during racing was not. On the other hand, when pooling several risk factors in a multivariable approach, only racing intensity turned out to be significant (p < 0.001), since racing speed and the racing intensity were partially confounded, being strongly correlated to one another. Conclusions: Characterizing epidemiology of exercise-related musculoskeletal injuries in trotter racehorses provides baseline incidence rate values. Incidence rates of stress fracture are lower in Standardbreds compared to Thoroughbreds, whereas the opposite is true for tendon and suspensory ligament injuries. In addition to identification of risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries among Standardbred racehorses, results suggest that racing intensity seems to be a protective predictor of risk and recent medical history could be used to identify horses at risk of injury.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2014-01-10 PubMed ID: 24410888PubMed Central: PMC3922780DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-11Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article provides an in-depth analysis of musculoskeletal injuries in harness Standardbred racehorses, which have been scarcely studied before. It establishes the incidence rate and risk factors for these injuries, seeking to fill this research gap and ultimately benefit the welfare of these racehorses.

Research Design and Methodology

  • The researchers focused on a specific group of Standardbred racehorses, all trained at the same racecourse, over a period of four years.
  • The study innovatively designed a classification system for exercise-related musculoskeletal injuries that these horses incurred, paying attention to injuries serious enough to warrant withdrawal from training for a minimum of 15 days.
  • A mixed-effects Poisson regression model was utilized to determine incidence rates of these injuries and evaluate relevance of certain risk factors associated with them. This statistical model helped in generating meaningful insights through comprehensive analysis.

Findings of the Research

  • The study had broad coverage with 356 trotter racehorses from 10 training stables contributing a sum of 8961 months at potential risk of musculoskeletal injuries.
  • A total of 429 injuries were reported during the study period and these were categorized into 16 different classes based on their origin and location within the horse’s body.
  • The determined overall injury rate stemming from exercise was 4.79 per every 100 horse months.
  • When scrutinizing risk factors individually, the research found no significant difference between genders and age classes in terms of injury rates. However, one driver was found to cause less injuries compared to others, hinting at possible impact of training techniques.
  • Racing speed, racing intensity, and the horse’s recent medical history emerged as significant risk factors, while the decision to race the horse shod (with horseshoes) or unshod (without horseshoes) did not impact injury rates significantly.
  • The study also discovered that when the risk factors were combined in a multivariable analysis, only racing intensity remained significantly impactful, revealing the need to scrutinize its correlation to speed and injury rates further.

Conclusions and Implications

  • The research provides vital epidemiological data for exercise-related musculoskeletal injuries in trotter racehorses, furnishing baseline incidence rate values.
  • A comparison with Thoroughbreds revealed lower stress fracture rates for Standardbreds, but higher rates for tendon and suspensory ligament injuries.
  • The identification of risk factors could inform strategies to manage musculoskeletal injuries among Standardbred racehorses, with the research suggesting that racing intensity could be a protective predictor, and recent medical history could potentially predict injury risk.

Cite This Article

APA
Bertuglia A, Bullone M, Rossotto F, Gasparini M. (2014). Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injuries in a population of harness Standardbred racehorses in training. BMC Vet Res, 10, 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-10-11

Publication

BMC veterinary research
ISSN: 1746-6148
NlmUniqueID: 101249759
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 10
Pages: 11

Researcher Affiliations

Bertuglia, Andrea
  • Department of Veterinary Science, Università di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, (TO), Italy. andrea.bertuglia@unito.it.
Bullone, Michela
    Rossotto, Federica
      Gasparini, Mauro

        MeSH Terms

        • Age Factors
        • Animals
        • Female
        • Fractures, Bone / veterinary
        • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
        • Horses / injuries
        • Ligaments / injuries
        • Male
        • Physical Conditioning, Animal
        • Retrospective Studies
        • Risk Factors
        • Sports

        References

        This article includes 43 references
        1. Cogger N, Perkins N, Hodgson DR, Reid SW, Evans DL. Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in 2-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses.. Prev Vet Med 2006 Apr 17;74(1):36-43.
          doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.01.005pubmed: 16481055google scholar: lookup
        2. Parkin TD. Epidemiology of racetrack injuries in racehorses.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2008 Apr;24(1):1-19.
          doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2007.11.003pubmed: 18314033google scholar: lookup
        3. Perkins NR. Epidemiology of health and performance in New Zealand racehorses.. Ph-d thesis. Palmerston North, New Zealand: Massey University; 2005.
        4. Perkins NR, Reid SW, Morris RS. Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries of the lower limbs in Thoroughbred racehorses in New Zealand.. N Z Vet J 2005 Jun;53(3):171-83.
          doi: 10.1080/00480169.2005.36502pubmed: 16012587google scholar: lookup
        5. Ramzan PH, Palmer L. Musculoskeletal injuries in Thoroughbred racehorses: a study of three large training yards in Newmarket, UK (2005-2007).. Vet J 2011 Mar;187(3):325-9.
          doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.12.019pubmed: 20089426google scholar: lookup
        6. Reed SR, Jackson BF, Mc Ilwraith CW, Wright IM, Pilsworth R, Knapp S, Wood JL, Price JS, Verheyen KL. Descriptive epidemiology of joint injuries in Thoroughbred racehorses in training.. Equine Vet J 2012 Jan;44(1):13-9.
          doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00352.xpubmed: 21496103google scholar: lookup
        7. Evans DL, Walsh JS. Effect of increasing the banking of a racetrack on the occurrence of injury and lameness in standardbred horses.. Aust Vet J 1997 Oct;75(10):751-2.
          doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1997.tb12261.xpubmed: 9406636google scholar: lookup
        8. Steel CM, Hopper BJ, Richardson JL, Alexander GR, Robertson ID. Clinical findings, diagnosis, prevalence and predisposing factors for lameness localised to the middle carpal joint in young Standardbred racehorses.. Equine Vet J 2006 Mar;38(2):152-7.
          pubmed: 16536385doi: 10.2746/042516406776563332google scholar: lookup
        9. Woodie JB, Ruggles AJ, Bertone AL, Hardy J, Schneider RK. Apical fracture of the proximal sesamoid bone in standardbred horses: 43 cases (1990-1996).. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999 Jun 1;214(11):1653-6.
          pubmed: 10363098
        10. Hamlin MJ, Hopkins WG. Retrospective trainer-reported incidence and predictors of health and training-related problems in Standardbred racehorses.. J Eq Vet Sc 2003;23:443–452.
          doi: 10.1053/j.jevs.2003.08.023google scholar: lookup
        11. Murray RC, Walters JM, Snart H, Dyson SJ, Parkin TD. Identification of risk factors for lameness in dressage horses.. Vet J 2010 Apr;184(1):27-36.
          doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.03.020pubmed: 19369100google scholar: lookup
        12. Ristolainen L, Heinonen A, Turunen H, Mannström H, Waller B, Kettunen JA, Kujala UM. Type of sport is related to injury profile: a study on cross country skiers, swimmers, long-distance runners and soccer players. A retrospective 12-month study.. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010 Jun;20(3):384-93.
          pubmed: 19602191doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00955.xgoogle scholar: lookup
        13. O'Meara B, Bladon B, Parkin TD, Fraser B, Lischer CJ. An investigation of the relationship between race performance and superficial digital flexor tendonitis in the Thoroughbred racehorse.. Equine Vet J 2010 May;42(4):322-6.
          doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2009.00021.xpubmed: 20525050google scholar: lookup
        14. Lam KK, Parkin TD, Riggs CM, Morgan KL. Evaluation of detailed training data to identify risk factors for retirement because of tendon injuries in Thoroughbred racehorses.. Am J Vet Res 2007 Nov;68(11):1188-97.
          doi: 10.2460/ajvr.68.11.1188pubmed: 17975973google scholar: lookup
        15. Perkins NR, Reid SW, Morris RS. Risk factors for injury to the superficial digital flexor tendon and suspensory apparatus in Thoroughbred racehorses in New Zealand.. N Z Vet J 2005 Jun;53(3):184-92.
          pubmed: 16012588doi: 10.1080/00480169.2005.36503google scholar: lookup
        16. Ely ER, Avella CS, Price JS, Smith RK, Wood JL, Verheyen KL. Descriptive epidemiology of fracture, tendon and suspensory ligament injuries in National Hunt racehorses in training.. Equine Vet J 2009 Apr;41(4):372-8.
          doi: 10.2746/042516409X371224pubmed: 19562899google scholar: lookup
        17. Reardon RJ, Boden LA, Mellor DJ, Love S, Newton JR, Stirk AJ, Parkin TD. Risk factors for superficial digital flexor tendinopathy in Thoroughbred racehorses in hurdle starts in the UK (2001-2009).. Equine Vet J 2012 Sep;44(5):564-9.
          doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00552.xpubmed: 22372389google scholar: lookup
        18. Cohen ND, Peloso JG, Mundy GD, Fisher M, Holland RE, Little TV, Misheff MM, Watkins JP, Honnas CM, Moyer W. Racing-related factors and results of prerace physical inspection and their association with musculoskeletal injuries incurred in thoroughbreds during races.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997 Aug 15;211(4):454-63.
          pubmed: 9267508
        19. Stover S. The epidemiology of Thoroughbred racehorse injuries.. Clin Tech Eq Prac 2003;2:312–322.
          doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2004.04.003google scholar: lookup
        20. Parkin TD, Clegg PD, French NP, Proudman CJ, Riggs CM, Singer ER, Webbon PM, Morgan KL. Catastrophic fracture of the lateral condyle of the third metacarpus/metatarsus in UK racehorses - fracture descriptions and pre-existing pathology.. Vet J 2006 Jan;171(1):157-65.
          doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.10.009pubmed: 16427592google scholar: lookup
        21. Estberg L, Gardner IA, Stover SM, Johnson BJ, Case JT, Ardans A. Cumulative racing speed exercise distance cluster as a risk factor for fatal musculoskeletal injury in Thoroughbred racehorses in california.. Prev Vet Med 1995;24:253–263.
          doi: 10.1016/0167-5877(95)00489-Jgoogle scholar: lookup
        22. Parkin TD, Clegg PD, French NP, Proudman CJ, Riggs CM, Singer ER, Webbon PM, Morgan KL. Horse-level risk factors for fatal distal limb fracture in racing Thoroughbreds in the UK.. Equine Vet J 2004 Sep;36(6):513-9.
          pubmed: 15460076doi: 10.2746/0425164044877387google scholar: lookup
        23. Parkin TD, Clegg PD, French NP, Proudman CJ, Riggs CM, Singer ER, Webbon PM, Morgan KL. Race- and course-level risk factors for fatal distal limb fracture in racing Thoroughbreds.. Equine Vet J 2004 Sep;36(6):521-6.
          pubmed: 15460077doi: 10.2746/0425164044877332google scholar: lookup
        24. Boston RC, Nunamaker DM. Gait and speed as exercise components of risk factors associated with onset of fatigue injury of the third metacarpal bone in 2-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses.. Am J Vet Res 2000 Jun;61(6):602-8.
          doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.602pubmed: 10850832google scholar: lookup
        25. Anthenill LA, Stover SM, Gardner IA, Hill AE. Risk factors for proximal sesamoid bone fractures associated with exercise history and horseshoe characteristics in Thoroughbred racehorses.. Am J Vet Res 2007 Jul;68(7):760-71.
          doi: 10.2460/ajvr.68.7.760pubmed: 17605612google scholar: lookup
        26. Schaer BL, Ryan CT, Boston RC, Nunamaker DM. The horse-racetrack interface: a preliminary study on the effect of shoeing on impact trauma using a novel wireless data acquisition system.. Equine Vet J 2006 Nov;38(7):664-70.
          pubmed: 17228583doi: 10.2746/042516406x156389google scholar: lookup
        27. Kristoffersen M, Parkin TD, Singer ER. Catastrophic biaxial proximal sesamoid bone fractures in UK Thoroughbred races (1999-2004): horse characteristics and racing history.. Equine Vet J 2010 Jul;42(5):420-4.
          doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00079.xpubmed: 20636778google scholar: lookup
        28. Parkin TD, Clegg PD, French NP, Proudman CJ, Riggs CM, Singer ER, Webbon PM, Morgan KL. Risk of fatal distal limb fractures among Thoroughbreds involved in the five types of racing in the United Kingdom.. Vet Rec 2004 Apr 17;154(16):493-7.
          doi: 10.1136/vr.154.16.493pubmed: 15130054google scholar: lookup
        29. Gabel A. Standardbred shoeing.. J Eq Vet Sc 2004;24:458.
        30. Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Cavallo Trottatore. online database: http://www.anact.it.
        31. Ulm K. A simple method to calculate the confidence interval of a standardized mortality ratio (SMR).. Am J Epidemiol 1990 Feb;131(2):373-5.
          pubmed: 2296988doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115507google scholar: lookup
        32. Verheyen KL. Reducing injuries in racehorses: mission impossible?. Equine Vet J 2013 Jan;45(1):6-7.
          pubmed: 23231383doi: 10.1111/evj.12009google scholar: lookup
        33. Clegg PD. Musculoskeletal disease and injury, now and in the future. Part 2: Tendon and ligament injuries.. Equine Vet J 2012 May;44(3):371-5.
          doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00563.xpubmed: 22486548google scholar: lookup
        34. Biewener AA. Muscle-tendon stresses and elastic energy storage during locomotion in the horse.. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1998 May;120(1):73-87.
          doi: 10.1016/S0305-0491(98)00024-8pubmed: 9787779google scholar: lookup
        35. Pfau T, Witte TH, Wilson AM. Centre of mass movement and mechanical energy fluctuation during gallop locomotion in the Thoroughbred racehorse.. J Exp Biol 2006 Oct;209(Pt 19):3742-57.
          doi: 10.1242/jeb.02439pubmed: 16985191google scholar: lookup
        36. Leleu C, Cotrel C, Barrey E. Effect of age on locomotion of Standardbred trotters in training.. Equine Comp Exerc Physiol 2004;1:107–117.
          doi: 10.1079/ECEP200312google scholar: lookup
        37. Hobbs SJ, Licka T, Polman R. The difference in kinematics of horses walking, trotting and cantering on a flat and banked 10 m circle.. Equine Vet J 2011 Nov;43(6):686-94.
          doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00334.xpubmed: 21496095google scholar: lookup
        38. Weishaupt MA, Wiestner T, Hogg HP, Jordan P, Auer JA. Compensatory load redistribution of horses with induced weight-bearing forelimb lameness trotting on a treadmill.. Vet J 2006 Jan;171(1):135-46.
          doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.09.004pubmed: 15974567google scholar: lookup
        39. Reed SR, Jackson BF, Wood JL, Price JS, Verheyen KL. Exercise affects joint injury risk in young Thoroughbreds in training.. Vet J 2013 Jun;196(3):339-44.
          doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.11.014pubmed: 23265863google scholar: lookup
        40. Verheyen K, Price J, Lanyon L, Wood J. Exercise distance and speed affect the risk of fracture in racehorses.. Bone 2006 Dec;39(6):1322-30.
          doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.05.025pubmed: 16926125google scholar: lookup
        41. Heinonen A, Sievänen H, Kannus P, Oja P, Pasanen M, Vuori I. High-impact exercise and bones of growing girls: a 9-month controlled trial.. Osteoporos Int 2000;11(12):1010-7.
          pubmed: 11256891doi: 10.1007/s001980070021google scholar: lookup
        42. Zeggini E, Panoutsopoulou K, Southam L, Rayner NW, Day-Williams AG, Lopes MC, Boraska V, Esko T, Evangelou E, Hoffman A, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Ingvarsson T, Jonsdottir I, Jonnson H, Kerkhof HJ, Kloppenburg M, Bos SD, Mangino M, Metrustry S, Slagboom PE, Thorleifsson G, Raine EV, Ratnayake M, Ricketts M, Beazley C, Blackburn H, Bumpstead S, Elliott KS, Hunt SE, Potter SC, Shin SY, Yadav VK, Zhai G, Sherburn K, Dixon K, Arden E, Aslam N, Battley PK, Carluke I, Doherty S, Gordon A, Joseph J, Keen R, Koller NC, Mitchell S, O'Neill F, Paling E, Reed MR, Rivadeneira F, Swift D, Walker K, Watkins B, Wheeler M, Birrell F, Ioannidis JP, Meulenbelt I, Metspalu A, Rai A, Salter D, Stefansson K, Stykarsdottir U, Uitterlinden AG, van Meurs JB, Chapman K, Deloukas P, Ollier WE, Wallis GA, Arden N, Carr A, Doherty M, McCaskie A, Willkinson JM, Ralston SH, Valdes AM, Spector TD, Loughlin J. Identification of new susceptibility loci for osteoarthritis (arcOGEN): a genome-wide association study.. Lancet 2012 Sep 1;380(9844):815-23.
          pmc: PMC3443899pubmed: 22763110doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60681-3google scholar: lookup
        43. Burn JF, Usmar SJ. Hoof landing velocity is related to track surface properties in trotting horses.. Equine Comp Exerc Physiol 2005;2:37–41.
          doi: 10.1079/ECP200542google scholar: lookup

        Citations

        This article has been cited 14 times.
        1. Bukhari SSUH, Parkes RSV. Assessing the impact of draught load pulling on welfare in equids. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1214015.
          doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1214015pubmed: 37662986google scholar: lookup
        2. Gibson MJ, Roca Fraga FJ, Bolwell CF, Gee EK, Rogers CW. Race-Level Reporting of Incidents during Two Seasons (2015/16 to 2016/17) of Harness Racing in New Zealand. Animals (Basel) 2022 Feb 11;12(4).
          doi: 10.3390/ani12040433pubmed: 35203141google scholar: lookup
        3. Verdegaal EJMM, Howarth GS, McWhorter TJ, Boshuizen B, Franklin SH, Vidal Moreno de Vega C, Jonas SE, Folwell LE, Delesalle CJG. Continuous Monitoring of the Thermoregulatory Response in Endurance Horses and Trotter Horses During Field Exercise: Baselining for Future Hot Weather Studies. Front Physiol 2021;12:708737.
          doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.708737pubmed: 34512382google scholar: lookup
        4. Rouette J, Cockram MS, Sanchez J, MacMillan KM. Musculoskeletal injuries in Standardbred racehorses on Prince Edward Island. Can Vet J 2021 Sep;62(9):987-993.
          pubmed: 34475585
        5. Physick-Sheard P, Avison A, Sears W. Factors Associated with Mortality in Ontario Standardbred Racing: 2003-2015. Animals (Basel) 2021 Apr 5;11(4).
          doi: 10.3390/ani11041028pubmed: 33916415google scholar: lookup
        6. Ribitsch I, Oreff GL, Jenner F. Regenerative Medicine for Equine Musculoskeletal Diseases. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jan 19;11(1).
          doi: 10.3390/ani11010234pubmed: 33477808google scholar: lookup
        7. Kornicka K, Geburek F, Röcken M, Marycz K. Stem Cells in Equine Veterinary Practice-Current Trends, Risks, and Perspectives. J Clin Med 2019 May 14;8(5).
          doi: 10.3390/jcm8050675pubmed: 31091732google scholar: lookup
        8. Bertuglia A, Pagliara E, Grego E, Ricci A, Brkljaca-Bottegaro N. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and structural biomarkers are effective to categorize osteoarthritis phenotype and progression in Standardbred racehorses over five years of racing career. BMC Vet Res 2016 Nov 8;12(1):246.
          doi: 10.1186/s12917-016-0873-7pubmed: 27821120google scholar: lookup
        9. Griffon DJ, Cho J, Wagner JR, Charavaryamath C, Wei J, Wagoner Johnson A. Effects of Hypoxia and Chitosan on Equine Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016;2016:2987140.
          doi: 10.1155/2016/2987140pubmed: 27379167google scholar: lookup
        10. Graide H, Duysens J, Frank T, Mouithys-Mickalad A, Niesten A, Sandersen C, Ceusters J, Serteyn D. A Simplified 3D-Plasma Culture Method for Generating Minimally Manipulated Autologous Equine Muscle-Derived Progenitor Cells. Bio Protoc 2025 Dec 5;15(23):e5526.
          doi: 10.21769/BioProtoc.5526pubmed: 41384097google scholar: lookup
        11. Najeb M, Samy A, Rizk A, Mosbah E, Karrouf G. Regenerative biologics modulating inflammation and promoting tenogenesis in equine superficial digital flexor tendonitis: from molecular pathways to clinical translation. Ir Vet J 2025 Sep 17;78(1):21.
          doi: 10.1186/s13620-025-00309-zpubmed: 40963139google scholar: lookup
        12. Berglund P, Andonov S, Jansson A, Olsson C, Lundqvist T, Strandberg E, Eriksson S. The ability to race barefoot is a heritable trait in Standardbred and Coldblooded trotters. Genet Sel Evol 2025 Feb 25;57(1):8.
          doi: 10.1186/s12711-025-00958-2pubmed: 40000964google scholar: lookup
        13. Guest DJ, Birch HL, Thorpe CT. A review of the equine suspensory ligament: Injury prone yet understudied. Equine Vet J 2025 Sep;57(5):1167-1182.
          doi: 10.1111/evj.14447pubmed: 39604165google scholar: lookup
        14. Taguchi T, Lopez M, Takawira C. Viable tendon neotissue from adult adipose-derived multipotent stromal cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023;11:1290693.
          doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1290693pubmed: 38260742google scholar: lookup
        Subscribe to our newsletter
        Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.